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Lewis & Clark Expedition

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The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • And though there is no evidence to prove this, he may well have heard of the thousand-guinea prize from his fellow botanist, Moses Marshall. In any event he applied to Jefferson for the position. Jefferson and the Pacific: we need to digress in order to place his interest in perspective.
  • Louis had tried after a fashion, but the French would have more muscle. To get the jump on them in the event of war, the Britishers might come swarming out of the north, take possession of all northern Louisiana, and then sit back to dicker about territorial divisions.
  • Padover, 115. My account of the events leading to the Louisiana Purchase is based on DeConde; Malone, IV; DeVoto, Course; Sprague; Johansen and Gates; Morison and Commager; and McDonald, Decker, and Govan.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
August 3, 1804 - Clark, William
  • They are placed here because of the date August 3, given at one point in the document, and their general relation to the day's events. Clark (Clark, William) is attempting to analyze information he has gathered from his own observation and that of traders on the languages and relationships of the western tribes.
  • August 3, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
North Dakota Quarterly 71.2 (2004): 6–27.
  • On February 20, 1806, he wrote, we never suffer panics of such number to remain within the fort (Clatsop) all night; for notwithstanding their apparent friendly disposition, their great averice and hope of plunder might induce them to be treacherous, at all events we determined allways to be on our guard as much as the nature of our situation will permit us, and never place our selves at the mercy of the savages, we well know, that the treachery of the aborigenes of America and the too great confidence of our countrymen in their sincerity and friendship, has caused the distruction of many hundreds of us....
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Clay S. Jenkinson
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • He had been chairman of the committee that had prepared the first draft of the Continental Congress's famed Ordinance of 1784, which had laid down the patterns by which the public lands of the United States were to be surveyed before being opened for sale to purchasers. Of necessity he had done rough and ready surveying around his plantation.
  • Hoping perhaps that none would because of Napoleon's other involvements, the Spanish government might prove as intransigent as Yrujo had predicted when Jefferson had approached him earlier. In that event, Madrid's longstanding policy of using Louisiana as a buffer to protect Mexico might lead the officials in New Spain to disregard France's ownership and resist Lewis's "invasion" with force.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
May 14, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • .—    The toil of our Navigation to the source of the Mesouri (Missouri River) , was incessant; and often times extreme, and in our progress over the Rocky Mountains (Rocky Mountains) , with the Burthens on our shoulders; which aggravated the Toils of our march, and added to the wearisomeness of our way, adding to which the extreme dangers we encounter'd in descending the River Columbia (Columbia River) at a season of the Year, that not even the Natives of the soil would attempt; I hope will convince my readers, that Manly fortitude and perseverance was our only guide.— Though the events, which compose my Journal, may have little in itself to strike the imagination of those who love to be astonished; nevertheless, when it is consider'd, that we explored those Waters, which had never before borne any other Vessell, than the Canoe of the Savage; and traversed those Forests and plains, where no American Citizen, or European had ever before presented themselves, to the Eye of its swarthy natives; when to these considerations, are added, the Important objects which were pursued; with the dangers that were encounter'd, and the difficulties that were surmounted to attain them; this work will, I flatter myself, be found to excite an interest, and conciliate regard, in the minds of those who peruse it.—    I hope the generous public, will indulge me, by believing; that I have laid before them, only whatever I saw, (or were seen by Captains Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) or Clark (Clark, William) ) with the impression of the moment; that it was told by them, or presented itself to me, and have never allowed myself to wander into conjecture, but have given as full, and exact account of the Country, and other transactions, that occur'd in the Country, that we passed through, as my abilities would allow.   
  • May 14, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
July 26, 1806 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • I calculated on their number being nearly or quite equal to that of their horses, that our runing would invite pursuit as it would convince them that we were their enimies and our horses were so indifferent that we could not hope to make our escape by flight; added to this Drewyer (Drouillard, George) was seperated from us and I feared that his not being apprized of the indians in the event of our attempting to escape he would most probably fall a sacrefice.   
  • July 26, 1806
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • And though there is no evidence to prove this, he may well have heard of the thousand-guinea prize from his fellow botanist, Moses Marshall. In any event he applied to Jefferson for the position. Jefferson and the Pacific: we need to digress in order to place his interest in perspective.
  • Louis had tried after a fashion, but the French would have more muscle. To get the jump on them in the event of war, the Britishers might come swarming out of the north, take possession of all northern Louisiana, and then sit back to dicker about territorial divisions.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Although crowds gathered to see what Clark's detachment offered for sale, no one would part with horses. "Tanterlized" by the natives' on-again, off-again moods, Clark and his people moved slowly upstream, village to village, carrying their peddlers' packs on their backs after the water grew too rough for their canoes.
  • Leaving four men in charge of the sales merchandise, he and the rest of his crew led the few horses that had been delivered to them downstream to rejoin Lewis.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
Montana [The Magazine of Western History] 21.3 (1971): 2–17.
  • Two factors played a role in shaping the events of the week to follow. First. Lewis and Clark were good enough officers to realize the potential deterioration of their command situation should they go against the opinions of their men—some of whom were trained rivermen and wilderness experts—and then be proved wrong.
  • This was a brilliant piece of deduction from a fuzzy set of facts and illustrates, as well as any other event during the course of the Expedition, the competence and intelligence of the two officers.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • John L. Allen
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 2. The Teton Confrontation
  • Later Monday evening, after the event of the stolen horse seemed less confusing and threatening, Lewis went to the island for a preliminary smoke with the Brulé chiefs.
  • The verbal sparring might have continued a bit longer except for the arrival of a canoe filled with twelve American soldiers "ready for any event." Most of the Indian warriors retreated and Clark was now left alone with the chiefs and a core of Brulé soldiers.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
November 1, 1805 - Clark, William
  • They have bad teeth, which is not common with indians, maney have worn their teeth down and Some quite into their gums, this I cannot Satisfactorily account for it, do ascribe it in some measure to their method of eateing, their food, roots pertiularly, which they make use of as they are taken out of the earth frequently nearly covered with Sand, I have not Seen any of their long roots offered for Sale clear of Sand. They are rether below the Common Size high cheeks womin Small and homely, and have Swelled legs and thighs, and their knees remarkably large which I ascribe to the method in which they Sit on their hams—go nearly necked wareing only a piece of leather tied about their breast which falls down nearly as low as the waste, a Small roabe about 3 feet Square, and a piece of leather tied about their breach, They [X: womin] have all flat heads in this quarter 〈both men and women,〉 They are tirty in the extream, both in their person and cooking, ware their hare loose hanging in every direction.
  • November 1, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
J & MC Quarterly 80.4 (2003): 866–883
  • Dozens of books and articles on the expedition contain these assumptions. To accept this easy train of events is to sidestep several matters about which we can never be entirely informed.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Donald Jackson
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 6. Across the Divide
  • If we do not find them or some other nation who have horses I fear the successful issue of our voyage will be very doubtful or at all events much more difficult in it's accomplishment." The explorers did not understand that Shoshoni and Flathead bands did not come across the mountains and into the Three Forks region until September.
  • Cameahwait's apparent agreement to provide whatever was required was followed by the usual program of handing out medals to chiefs, distributing gifts to onlookers, and showing off the always impressive airgun. Lewis and Clark finished the eventful day plotting strategy for crossing the Continental Divide and finding western waters.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Another fast-selling item was iron war hatchets fashioned for the buyers out of iron obtained—the journals don't say where. In any event, the Corps stayed mostly on a vegetarian diet while entertaining the first Hidatsa chiefs to visit the fort.
  • Quickly realizing the impossibility of ferreting out extensive anthropological detail during the limited time they could spend with most tribes, Lewis and Clark had concentrated their search on matters that would primarily interest traders—language, the home territories of the different tribes, the peoples with whom they were at peace or war, the potential value of their commerce, and, for the government, the possibility of relocating important tribes near federal trading posts in the event the Indian Bureau decided such interference with private enterprise was advisable.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 7. Down the Columbia
  • The native party, either Yakimas from nearby villages or visiting Wanapams, eagerly took the tobacco and hurried back to spread the news of an impending great event. By midday the expedition was at the Snake-Columbia confluence and, as had so often happened on the Upper Missouri, the Americans quickly became objects of intense curiosity.
  • Although the expedition's records offer no straightforward explanation for this sudden shift in native attitudes, an event later in that afternoon does suggest how Indians with little or no contact with whites responded to the expedition.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 4. The Mandan Winter
  • That displeasure was eventually dispelled when the captain explained that he felt "indisposed" and was not prepared to take on the Mandan menu. Perhaps the most important event during the two-hour visit at Mitutanka was the meeting with René Jusseaume.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
Names 52:3 (September 2004):163–237 Copyright 2004 by The American Name Society 163
  • They also took advantage of their ripening friendships to strike bargains for the sale of merchandise to outfit the upcoming expedition. The Chouteaus' renown as businessmen and their vast experience in dealing with the Missouri River tribes made them excellent advisers.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • William E. Foley
Lewis & Clark among the Indians
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
August 14, 1805 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • (Clark, William) " Lewis's (Lewis, Meriwether) narrative of events on August 14 then resumes. We add a paragraph indention. It may have been Biddle (Biddle, Nicholas) who drew the red vertical line beginning with this sentence to the end of the paragraph.
  • August 14, 1805
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
Western Historical Quarterly 35 (Spring 2004): 53–72. Copyright © 2004, Western History Association.)
  • Hay had been a British trader and had a merchant store established at Cahokia under the name Todd and Hay. Events that were to thrust the map into the limelight began to converge: in January 1801, Jones was appointed attorney general of the Indiana Territory and moved to Vincennes, the capitol.
  • A day later, Clark and the remainder of the Corps made their formal entrance in St. Louis. "Under Sales & Cullers," Clark noted, they put ashore where "hundreds Came to the bank to view us."
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Thomas C. Danisi and W. Raymond Wood
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Plunge into the river to bring back sticks that had been thrown for him? In any event, as the Shoshoni crowded around, staring, Sacagawea added to the confusion by recognizing a young woman who had been captured with her during the Hidatsa attack at Three Forks.
  • As far as the journals show, he had not reminded William Clark, Drouillard, or anyone else of the event. Probably it is not possible now to understand fully why the anniversary triggered Lewis's all-too-easily-induced melancholia.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Men of the Lewis & Clark Expedition The Men of the Lewis & Clark Expedition
  • But what is lost is a fuller sense of the participants in this historic event, and perhaps some greater insights the participants in this historic event, and perhaps some greater insights into how they succeeded so spectacularly.
  • Despite the existence of other journals, we turn to the captains' version of events first. From time to time in the story a few other members of the expedition threaten to emerge as personalities in their own right, however fleetingly.
  • Once again the journals are of no help in creating a complete sense of the event. Gass, Whitehouse, and Floyd make no mention whatsoever of the court martial, let alone the nightly lashings.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Charles G. Clarke
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 5. Lewis and Clark as Plains Ethnographers
  • Excluded by the calendar from the important public rituals, the explorers did gain much information about Indian life by taking part in less spectacular but perhaps more typical events. On a hunting trip with Sheheke, Lewis observed the plains custom of marking ownership of downed animals.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
Journal of Historical Geography [Great Britain] 18:1 (1992) 27–40.
  • To many of the pastoralists, even the lodges or "tipis" of the native inhabitants of the plains took on a gentle and romantic appearance: An Indian lodge, in the summer, is admirably shaped and adapted to the pleasure of its inhabitants—by raising the lower extremities of the envelope and securing them at a proper elevation, a free passage of air is obtained, which greatly contributes to increase the merits of the delightful shade afforded by the superstructure. Even the great annual event of the fur trade, the rendezvous, was presented in the context of a pastoral scene, as a "trapper's holiday," with both whites and Indians ready for fun and frolic or, as one observer put it, "a saturnalia among the mountains."
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • John L. Allen
Montana 29:3 [1979]: 16–27.
  • For an interesting and unique account of the events and perceptions leading up to the expedition see John Logan Allen, Passage Through the Garden: Lewis and Clark and the Images of the American Northwest (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 1–126.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • John A. Alwin
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • The pair had not been appointed as guides by the council but were on their way to gossip with the Flatheads on Clark's River concerning events of the past winter and learn the allied tribe's plans for the summer.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Psychiatrists tell us, furthermore, that such persons often reveal their proclivities, long before the event, by the reckless way with which they embrace danger. Thus Meriwether Lewis.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 9. The Way Home
  • Just as medical skills had proved a powerful force in dealing with other Indians, Clark found the Eneershurs' sales resistance lessening. But only two more horses were forthcoming.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Clark gave one set of figures for those in the keelboat; sergeants Ordway, Floyd, and Pryor, who had been ordered to keep journals to increase the likelihood that some record would survive in the event of catastrophe, gave variants. (Two or three privates also volunteered to keep diaries but only Joseph Whitehouse's has survived.)
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
Part 1: Affluents of the Missouri River - Lewis, Meriwether
  • on those voyages in either case, they are frequently absent from their families or homes, the term of six, twelve, or eighteen months, during which time they are always subjected to severe and incessant labour, exposed to the ferosity of the lawless savages, the vicissitudes of weather and climate, and dependant on chance and accedent alone, for food, raiment, or relief in the event of malady; yet they undertake those voyages with cheerfullness, and prefer the occupation of the hunter, or engage, to that of the domestic, and independent farmer.— Ascending the Missoury (Missouri River) at the distance of 12 miles, Bonhomme Creek (Bonhomme (Good Man's) Creek) discharges itself on the S. side.   
  • Winter 1804-1805
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether

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