Journals of the
Lewis & Clark Expedition

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Images from Yale University Beinecke Library Digital Collection
  • Sketch of the White Pirogue Sketch of the White Pirogue, ca. April 12, 1804, Field Notes, reverse of document 10 Journals 2 1986 Yale University Permission to reproduce image required. http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/
  • N.D.
  • Images
September 4, 1803 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • It is not clear if this vessel was actually a pirogue, as Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) seems to have used the terms pirogue and canoe interchangeably. If it actually was a pirogue, it may have been either the red or the white pirogue so-called that figured prominently during the expedition.
  • on September 8, and Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) calls it a pirogue. Lewis's (Lewis, Meriwether) correspondence during this period is of little help in sorting this out.
  • September 4, 1803
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
June 27, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • Probably the larger of the two pirogues, the red pirogue.
  • June 27, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
May 13, 1804 - Clark, William
  • As Biddle's interlineations indicate, the crew of the keelboat consisted primarily of those intended at the time for the permanent party to the Pacific (Pacific Ocean) , in the squads of Sergeants Floyd (Floyd, Charles) , Ordway (Ordway, John) , and Pryor (Pryor, Nathaniel Hale) . The larger pirogue, manned by Patroon (foreman) Baptiste Deschamps (Deschamps, Jean Baptiste) and seven of his hired French boatmen, is later referred to as the red pirogue. The smaller, or white, pirogue carried Corporal Warfington (Warfington, Richard) and his squad of five soldiers, who were then intended to return from somewhere up the Missouri (Missouri River) before winter.
  • May 13, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
February 26, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Tuesday Febry 26th    The weather continued still clear & fine; the Men were employed in getting the Tools in Order for making pettyaugers The officers set 16 Men to work to make 4 Pettyaugers in the afternoon Here, dugout canoes rather than pirogues.
  • February 26, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
June 18, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • In the evening we compleated our waggons, which were made altogether of wood, and of a very ordinary quality; but it is expected they will answer the purpose. The white pirogue.
  • June 18, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
May 29, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • Side    encamped all night Jest above on the S Side    〈Some rain this night〉    one man Whitehouse (Whitehouse, Joseph) lost hunting    Frenchman's pearogue Std. for him Otherwise called the red pirogue.
  • May 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
Weather, February 1805 - Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether
  • Perhaps the only evidence of what sort of wood either pirogue was made of; from the remark of the next day this would be the smaller, or white, pirogue.
  • Since it is unclear when the captains obtained the white pirogue, it can not be determined what sort of "poplar" is meant. It may have been a variety of Populus, but could have been constructed in the East from a variety of Liriodendron, tulip-poplar.
  • On March 27 (given as March 28) Clark (Clark, William) mentions cottonwood in connection with the pirogues, but it is unclear whether he means the construction of the vessels or the additions being made to them.
  • Weather, February 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether
June 9, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • There is a quantity of gooseberry and choak-cherry bushes on the point, and also some rabbit berries. The red pirogue. A cache. Cruzatte (Cruzatte, Pierre) supervised the construction; see Lewis's (Lewis, Meriwether) entry of this day for details.
  • June 9, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
February 23, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark 23rd of February 1805 Satturday— All hands employed in Cutting the Perogus Loose from the ice, which was nearly even with their top; we found great difficuelty in effecting this work owing to the Different devisions of Ice & water    after Cutting as much as we Could with axes, we had all the Iron we Could get & Some axes put on long poles and picked throught the ice, under the first water, which was not more the 6 or 8 inches deep—    we disengaged one Perogue, and nearly disingaged the 2nd in Course of this day which has been warm & pleasent    vised by a no of Indians, Jessomme (Jusseaume, René) & familey went to the Shoes (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) Indians Villag to day The father of the Boy whose feet were frose near this place, and nearly Cured by us took him home in a Slay— The white pirogue; see Weather Diary remarks for this date.
  • February 23, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
July 24, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) also much engaged in prepareing Papers to Send back by a pirogue—    Which we intended to Send back from the river Plate—    observations at this place makes the Lattitude 41° 3' 19" North This evening Guthrege (Goodrich, Silas) [Goodrich (Goodrich, Silas) ] Cought a white Catfish, its eyes Small & tale much like that of a Dolfin This latitude is a few minutes too far south.
  • July 24, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
July 26, 1806 - Ordway, John
  • Cruzatte (Cruzatte, Pierre) killed a buffaloe    we took the best of the meat and returned with much hard fatigue to portage River and got the canoes and all the baggage down to the white perogue and Camped having got the carsh opened and all brought to the White perogue & all Safe &C. The white pirogue was hidden in the area of the lower portage camp below Belt Creek (Belt (Portage) Creek) on June 18, 1805.
  • July 26, 1806
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
July 26, 1806 - Gass, Patrick
  • Ordway (Ordway, John) says Colter (Colter, John) and Potts (Potts, John) ran the canoes down the rapids to the lower portage camp (Lower portage camp) . Where the white pirogue was hidden near the lower portage camp below Belt Creek (Belt (Portage) Creek) , Chouteau County (Chouteau County, Mont.) , Montana (Montana) , on June 18, 1805.
  • July 26, 1806
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • With difficulty the whites herded their obnoxious guests aboard the pirogue, manned by three or four Frenchmen, that was being used as a ferry.
  • In just such fashion one of the Missouri Company's pirogues had been made a prize of war at Loisel's Cedar Island trading post several miles downstream.
  • At a gesture from Clark, the rowers on the pirogue dug water to the keelboat and took aboard twelve soldiers, rifles ready.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • ELEVEN. Hazards by Water The white pirogue, smaller but more stable than the red, was the queen of the little fleet.
  • But he did not shift any of the pirogue's valuable cargo to other boats or make any changes in the crew's assignments.
  • The men in the boat threw their weight against the high tide. The pirogue ponderously righted, filled with water to within an inch of its gunwales.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
May 14, 1804 - Clark, William
  • George Drouillard (Drouillard, George) was absent on an errand and may not be the Frenchman singled out by Clark (Clark, William) ; possibly he was Baptiste Deschamps (Deschamps, Jean Baptiste) , the patroon (foreman) of the hired French boatmen, although later he seems to have been in charge of a pirogue (see May 26, 1804, Detachment Order, below). The exact number and names of the French boatmen remain unclear throughout (see Appendix A).
  • Private John Robertson (Robertson, John) (Robinson (Robertson, John) ) may also have been present at this time; perhaps he was one of the six soldiers in a pirogue—probably Warfington's (Warfington, Richard) squad. (See sketch of Robertson (Robertson, John) , Appendix A.)
  • May 14, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Meanwhile the carpenters in the group, led by Sergeant Gass, went to work on the red pirogue. If it didn't prove serviceable for upstream navigation afterwards, it would be sent back to St.
  • Most of the excess cargo went into the red pirogue. Because its new load and the lading of the white pirogue would be needed during the winter among the Mandan Indians, the crews of both boats, the captains announced, would have to keep on rowing the full distance. That meant wintering among the Indians, because if the pirogues turned back after finally reaching the villages, their crews would risk being icebound.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Meanwhile the carpenters in the group, led by Sergeant Gass, went to work on the red pirogue. If it didn't prove serviceable for upstream navigation afterwards, it would be sent back to St.
  • Most of the excess cargo went into the red pirogue. Because its new load and the lading of the white pirogue would be needed during the winter among the Mandan Indians, the crews of both boats, the captains announced, would have to keep on rowing the full distance. That meant wintering among the Indians, because if the pirogues turned back after finally reaching the villages, their crews would risk being icebound.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Nor were they allowed to try to race the ice downstream in the red pirogue they had labored with for the past five months; Lewis and Clark had decided it and the white pirogue would be needed when the upstream journey was resumed in the spring.
  • Lewis and a crew then rowed an empty pirogue up the river to gather stones suitable for chimneys. On the way back, the overloaded craft stuck on a sandbar.
  • On November 19 the pirogue returned, laden with the dressed carcasses of thirty-two deer, eleven elk, and five buffalo.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
June 6, 1804 - Clark, William
  • . & Several Small ones, the water excessivly Strong, So much So that we Camped Sooner than the usial time to waite for the pirogue, The banks are falling in Verry much to day    river rose last night a foot.
  • June 6, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
May 28, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • we have to make use of the cords & poles, our cords are all except one made of Elk Skin & Stretch & Some time brake which indanger the Pirogues or canoe, as it immediately turns and if any rock Should chance to be below the rapidity of the water would turn hir over if Should Strike, we observe great caution at these places.   
  • May 28, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Soldiers, handpicked for manning one of the two support pirogues, were put under the charge of Corporal Richard Warfington. Experienced French rivermen were hired to handle the second, larger dugout, called the red pirogue from its bright new coat of red paint.
  • The following totals are not far askew, however: twenty-five, including York, in the keelboat; nine Frenchmen under their patron, Baptiste Deschamps, in the red pirogue; and seven soldiers, including Corporal Warfington, in the smaller, white-painted pirogue.
  • Even less is said about the handling of the two pirogues. (No one in them was required to keep a diary.) Pirogues in general were paddled as often as they were rowed, and that may explain why Lewis so often referred to pirogues as canoes.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
May 14, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • The keelboat (batteaux) is discussed at Lewis's (Lewis, Meriwether) entry for August 30, 1803, and the pirogues are considered at entries for September 4, 1803, and May 13, 1804.
  • May 14, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 2. The Teton Confrontation
  • When the pirogue landed, an already difficult situation became potentially explosive. Three young Brulés, who may have belonged to the Partisan's retinue, seized the pirogue's bow cable. At the same moment, another warrior locked his arms around the pirogue's short mast. As the pirogue was being temporarily hijacked, the Partisan moved directly against Clark.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
ca. April 1804 - Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether; Unknown
  • y[ork] (York)   5   22       4 26     8       1   9     1 40     26       3   Sketch of the White Pirogue, ca. April 12, 1804, Field Notes, reverse of document 10 Beinecke Library, Yale University No man is to absent himself from Camp on any pretence whatever without permission from the Comdgn. offecer present, under the pain of punishment agreeable to the rules & articles of War for Disobedience of Orders; the guard shall Strictly attend to former Orders without the Smallest Variation Whitehouse (Whitehouse, Joseph) Willard (Willard, Alexander) Potts (Potts, John) Colter (Colter, John) 210   65 145 The following is a mass of undated miscellaneous material, written in every direction, which takes up the reverse of document 10 of the Field Notes.
  • Following these numbers is a drawing of a "Perogue of 8 Tuns" (fig. 8), the so-called white pirogue. This is the only contemporary illustration of one of the two boats taken as far as the Great Falls (Columbia River, Great Falls of the) of the Missouri River (Missouri River) .
  • ca. April 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether; Unknown
November 3, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Biddle's (Biddle, Nicholas) account says that some of the discharged men built a pirogue—probably a dugout canoe—to return to Missouri (Missouri River) .
  • November 3, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • The combined groups, helped by horses, would transport the baggage around the falls to Portage Creek. After refitting the pirogue hidden there, they would rejoin Lewis somewhere near the mouth of Maria's River.
  • Hurriedly, for Lewis was still afraid of pursuit, he urged the boatmen on to the Marias, to retrieve as swiftly as possible the red pirogue and the goods that had been cached there the year before. Though the caches were, for the most part, in good order, the red pirogue was too decayed to repair.
  • Lewis was not in sight, however, and Clark was alarmed until he found his friend stretched out stomach down in the white pirogue and heard his wan assurance that he would soon he on his feet once more.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
May 29, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Joseph Whitehouse (Whitehouse, Joseph) , who had been exploring a cave. The red pirogue, manned by the French engagés, stayed behind him. Probably Bailey Creek (Bailey (Deer) Creek) , entering the Missouri (Missouri River) in Gasconade County (Gasconade County, Mo.) , Missouri (Missouri) , near the Osage County (Osage County, Mo.)
  • May 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
May 14, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • with much a diew they got the Sail in and got the [pirogue] to Shore and unloaded hir at a bottom where we camped on N. S.   
  • May 14, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
September 23, 1804 - Clark, William
  • The captains had decided on September 16 to retain the pirogue under Corporal Warfington (Warfington, Richard) originally intended to carry these dispatches, but evidently they still hoped to encounter a trader's boat that could carry their messages for them.
  • September 23, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
July 28, 1806 - Gass, Patrick
  • By Lewis's (Lewis, Meriwether) account the Indians seized the guns of all four of the party; the Field brothers (Field, Joseph and Reubin) pursued, and Reubin (Field, Reubin) stabbed the Piegan (Blackfeet Indians, Piegan) . They cached the red pirogue on an island in the then mouth of Marias River (Marias River) , on June 10, 1805.
  • July 28, 1806
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Clark was waiting there, the keelboat and the two pirogues showing signs of the violent wind and rains they had encountered on the way upstream.
  • In June 1794, Truteau started up the Missouri in two pirogues loaded with goods that cost the company 46,747 pesos. His instructions were explicit.
  • Whoever sat in the stern of the red pirogue would manipulate the seventh oar as a rudder. The boats may have been the ones Lewis had purchased in Pittsburgh and Wheeling to lighten his load while descending the Ohio.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • All this while Sacagawea, half unconscious and doubled up with pain, huddled with her baby in the sun-blasted bottom of the white pirogue. Her distraught husband babbled about building a dugout and paddling with her back to the Mandan villages, a trip of about nine hundred miles.
  • Axles had been cut from the mast of the white pirogue. Since the wheels were small, the wagons were low. The dugouts—six of them, ranging in length from twenty-five to about thirty-five feet—could be mounted, one at a time, on the running gears of a single wagon and used as a sort of crate for holding relatively fragile baggage.
  • (The completed craft was to take the place of the abandoned white pirogue.) Tools for assembling and sheathing the vessel with leather, and the baggage of the men who were to work on it under Lewis's supervision—Sergeant Patrick Gass, John Shields, Joseph Field, and Robert Frazer—were added to the cargo.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
July 9, 1804 - Clark, William
  • If the arrangements were still the same as those of May 26, 1804, this would be the red pirogue, with Patroon Baptiste Deschamps (Deschamps, Jean Baptiste) in charge.
  • July 9, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
August 6, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Clark (Clark, William) may have intended to refer to Baptiste Deschamps (Deschamps, Jean Baptiste) , the actual patroon, or he may only have meant that La Jeunesse (La Jeunesse, Jean Baptiste) was in charge of the one pirogue at this time. See Appendix A. The mouth of Soldier River (Soldier River) , in Harrison County (Harrison County, Iowa) , Iowa (Iowa) , has apparently moved about considerably over the years, just as the Missouri (Missouri River) has changed course.
  • August 6, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
Fort Mandan Miscellany - Unknown
  • The original plan was that this return party would leave, probably in a pirogue, before the first winter; Jefferson (Jefferson, Thomas) would thus receive early word of the progress of the expedition, would have their first journals to peruse, and would receive their first plant, animal, and mineral specimens.
  • Winter 1804-1805
  • Journals
  • Unknown
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • This would be backed up by a forty-foot "canoe." (He meant pirogue—canoe was a misnomer he used consistently. Pirogues were hewn from huge tree trunks; they were far heavier and harder to maneuver than the Indians' birchbark canoes or the nimble craft used by today's recreationists.)
  • If that proved true, the pirogue (though not the big keelboat) could be carried and skidded across the divide. The pirogue alone, however, might not be enough for moving the men and supplies to the Pacific.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Men of the Lewis & Clark Expedition The Men of the Lewis & Clark Expedition
  • Nevertheless, from the unelaborated facts alone a dramatic narrative emerges, one that is chock full of more heart-pounding near misses than most novels of the day would have dared attempt: a crumbling riverbank nearly overwhelms the keelboat; Lewis nearly falls to his death from a cliff; a confrontation with the Teton Sioux nearly turns deadly for both sides; men nearly freeze to death on the northern Plains; buffaloes nearly trample them and grizzly bears nearly catch them; a pirogue containing the most valuable cargo nearly capsizes; the expedition nearly takes a disastrous turn up the wrong river; a violent hailstorm nearly kills some of the men, while a flash flood nearly sweeps Clark to his death; Sacagawea nearly dies from sickness; her people, the Shoshones (with their all-important horses), nearly abandon Lewis; while crossing the Bitterroot Range, nearly lost, everyone nearly starves; the Nez Percés nearly decide to kill rather than befriend the weak and starving strangers; Columbia River cascades and then ocean swells nearly swamp the small flotilla of dugout canoes; Blackfeet warriors nearly leave Lewis and a few companions horseless and gunless in hostile territory;, Lewis is shot and nearly killed in a hunting accident.
  • She figures prominently in some of the more dramatic moments (such as the near capsizing of the white pirogue and, of course, the Shoshone negotiations with a chief who miraculously turns out to be her brother), and we get a few hints at her character (such as when she insists on being taken to see the beached whale on the Oregon coast, or when she presents Clark with a Christmas present of two dozen white weasel tails).
  • Ordway and six men set out in the small pirogue to effect a rescue. By 2:00 A.M., during a lull in the storm, they all finally make it back to camp, where it rains until daylight, leaving everyone, in Clark's words, "wet and disagreeable."
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Charles G. Clarke
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Using iron-pointed levers and ropes of elk hide, the crew managed to crack both pirogues free. After smoothing out a road for log rollers, they hauled the pair ashore and up beside the pickets of the fort.
  • Corporal Richard Warfington's soldiers, who had wrestled the white pirogue upstream, would act as crew and fight off the Sioux if that proved necessary.
  • In high spirits the little fleet of two pirogues and six small "canoes" pushed off at 4:00 p.m. on April 7. Lewis, who by then was definitely keeping a journal, eyed the procession proudly.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
September 16, 1804 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • As Clark (Clark, William) notes below, they had now definitely decided not to send back Corporal Warfington's (Warfington, Richard) party in the red pirogue until next spring. Quercus macrocarpa Michx., bur, or mossy-cup, oak.
  • September 16, 1804
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
August 8, 1804 - Clark, William
  • this river is about 80 yards wide & navagable for Pirogus Some distance & runs parrelel to the Missourie (Missouri River)    it coms in from the River from the N E, it contains great Quantitys of fish Common to the Countrey.   
  • August 8, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
The Missing Journals of Meriwether Lewis
  • While there, the leaders changed plans and decided not to send a pirogue back to St. Louis with artifacts and other items representing their journey thus far.
  • Jackson believes that a mishap on May 14, 1805, may indicate a loss of journals. On that day, one of the pirogues turned on its side, filled with water, and soaked some papers and notebooks.
  • It may be significant that September 19 is the date of again taking up the weather notations, since it is about the time Codex Ba was begun and when the captains decided not to send pirogues back to St. Louis. If Lewis was keeping the weather diary independent of Clark and Clark was copying the weather data into his Codex C, then there may be missing field notes, at least Lewis's remarks on weather during this period.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Gary E. Moulton
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Balked by the man's apparent immovability, Lewis contemplated buying enough pirogues to float his supplies downstream until he could find another keelboat he could buy.
  • Though Lewis doesn't describe it, it probably resembled the most common class of pirogues on the river: close to fifty feet long, five feet of beam, and equipped with a mast and sail.
  • Because the river remained low and there were more men to transport, the captains decided to keep the big pirogue Lewis had purchased in Wheeling. They may also have replaced the small, leaky pair with one or two sounder craft.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
The Way to the Western Sea Lewis and Clark across the Continent
  • Whether or not the boat was also fitted for a mast, as wooden pirogues were, does not appear. The construction demanded more time and care than Lewis had anticipated.
  • But Congressman William Dickson of Tennessee, whom he had counted on to arrange for a keelboat and pirogue, had not answered his letters, and Major William McRae, who had been delegated to enlist, on approval, personnel for the expedition, wrote that a sufficient number of qualified men could not be found among the riffraff at the Point.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • David Lavender
August 3, 1806 - Clark, William
  • The name was used especially for a keelless, flat-bottomed, plank craft with ends tapered to points, which was more mobile and lighter than a pirogue. Forty feet seems to have been a common length. Criswell, 11; Baldwin (KA), 42; McDermott (GMVF), 20.
  • August 3, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
Lewis and Clark on the Great Plains A Natural History
  • Full-sized replicas of the Lewis and Clark keelboat and a pirogue (both authentically made for an IMAX documentary movie) will also be on display.
  • The oxbow lake is surrounded by cottonwoods and other riverine hardwoods, with a reconstructed full-sized keelboat and two pirogues on view during the summer months. Encompasses the Lewis and Clark campsite of August 9, 1804.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Paul A. Johnsgard
May 14, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • .—    This Town lies in Latitude 38° 43' North.— Pirogues.
  • May 14, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
The Journals of Lewis and Clark: Almost Home
  • For instance, in addition to a general entry on boats, we also pointed readers to specific types of boats mentioned in the text, such as bateaux, bull boats, canoes, keelboats, pirogues, and the iron-frame boat. When entries became too long, we added subcategories.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • Gary E. Moulton
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 1. The Voyage Begins
  • As the Lewis and Clark flotilla—keelboat and pirogues—rocked against the river current, it represented months of careful preparation.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda

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