Journals of the
Lewis & Clark Expedition

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November 13, 1804 - Clark, William
  • M    we rose early & onloaded the boat before brackfast except, the Cabin, & Stored away in a Store house—    at 10 oClock A M the Black Cat (Black Cat (Posecopsahe)) the Mandin (Mandan Indians) Chief and Lagru (La Grue) [NB: Fr: name] Che Chark (La Grue) 〈Christans a〉 〈Ossiniboin (Assiniboine Indians) 〉 Chief & 7 men of note visited us at Fort Mandan (Fort Mandan (N.
  • The 3 consist    here describe all Asns (Assiniboine Indians) ] Consists of about 600 men, hunt in the Plains & winter and trade on the Ossiniboin River (Assiniboine River) , they are Decendants of the Siaux (Sioux Indians) and Speake their language, they Come to the nations to this quarter to trade or (make preasthts) for horses 〈& robes〉 the method of this Kind of Trafick by addoption Shall be explained hereafter &, Snow'd all day, the Ice ran thick and air Cold. Apparently Clark (Clark, William) first identified La Grue (La Grue) as a "Kristinaux (Cree Indians) ," that is, a Cree (Cree Indians) (see below, November 14, 1804), then crossed this out because the chief was actually an Assiniboine (Assiniboine Indians) , which designation he also lined through. 4.
  • November 13, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
December 12, 1805 - Clark, William
  • The flees so bad last night that, I made but a broken nights rest    we can't get them out of our robes & Skins, which we are obliged to make use of for bedding    Some rain to day at Intervales—    all at work, in the evening 2 Canoe of Indians Came from the 2 villages of 〈Clopstots (Clatsop Indians) 〉 Clotsop (Clatsop Indians) below, & brought Wapitoo root a black root they call Si-ni-tor and a Small Sea orter Skin all of which we purchased for a fiew fishing hooks & Some Snake Indian (Paiute Indians) Tobacco. Those Indians appeare well disposed, I made a Chief of one & gave him a Small medel, his name is Conyear (Coboway)    we treated those people well—    they are tite Deelers, valu Blu & white beeds verry highly, and Sell their roots also highly as they purchase them from the Indians abov for a high price An asterisk appears at the end of this line; its purpose is not known.
  • More correctly, Coboway (Coboway) , a Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) leader. The captains made him a gift of Fort Clatsop (Fort Clatsop (Oreg.))
  • December 12, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
Lewis & Clark among the Indians 5. Lewis and Clark as Plains Ethnographers
  • Lewis & Clark among the Indians 5. Lewis and Clark as Plains Ethnographers
  • Lewis & Clark among the Indians
  • He carefully watched Indians such as Black Cat and Sheheke for clues in their behavior that might reveal the patterns of Indian polity.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
October 29, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • We set out early & proceeded on about 6 Miles & halted to breakfast, at some Indian Lodges, lying on the North side of the River; which was Inhabited by a number of Indians.    We purchased from those Indians, a number more fat dogs.    We proceeded on our Voyage, & found the current of the River to run very gentle, & passed a great number of Indian Villages, lying on the North side of the River.   
  • We came about 26 Miles this day, & encamped at an Indian Village, lying on the North side of the River, in a narrow bottom, which was covered with Cotton Wood Trees.—    We found the Natives here very friendly & of the Flatt head (Flathead Indians) nation.
  • October 29, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
April 5, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Clark Thursday 5th    Thunder & lightning last night    wrote the Speaches, to the Aiyous (Iowa Indians) & [Sioux (Sioux Indians) ?] & Ioways (Iowa Indians) , Several Country people came to Day to pay a visit, men and wimin, the wind is violintly hard from the W, N, W. all day    river Still rise, Send by Mr. Crawford (Crawford, Lewis) Some queries reletive to the Indians, and Vocabulary also some instructions &c.    the Contractors Boat return to St.
  • the [wind] Shift to the North at Sun Set & Cold, Banks fall in This word is written over and nearly illegible, but "Sioux (Sioux Indians) " is presumably meant.
  • April 5, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
August 13, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Monday Augt. 13th    Arived. at the fish camp Neer the Mahars (Omaha Indians) Village at 4 oclock this day    the Commanding Officer Sent a Serjt. & 4 Men with a white flagg, to the Village to Invite them to Come to a treaty, but the[y] found no Indians at the Village    Returnd.
  • M we arrived at a Camp, near the Mahaw (Omaha Indians) Village when the commanding Officer, sent a Serjeant and four Men, with a White flag to the village, to Invite them to come to a Treaty.— The Serjeant & party proceeded on to the Mahaw (Omaha Indians) Village but found no Indians there, we continued here this day, waiting for their return.—
  • August 13, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
February 15, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) with a party of men & 4 Indians went in pursute of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) , the Indians returned the next Day & informed me that the Sioux (Sioux Indians) had Burnt all my meat & gorn home (they Saw me but was afraid to attact me)    Capt Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) returned the 21st with 2400 l[bs]. of meat, haveing Killed 36 Deer & 14 Elk, the Sioux (Sioux Indians) burnt one of my meet houses; they did not find the other They included Ordway (Ordway, John) and Gass (Gass, Patrick) , all volunteers according to Ordway (Ordway, John) .
  • February 15, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
December 29, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Sunday Decemr 29th    This day was fine clear pleasant weather, the first fair day we had for a long time past.    Several Indians who belong'd to the Chinook (Chinook Indians) Nation; came to our fort.    These Indians brought with them Roots which they called Wappetoes & dryed Salmon in their Canoes to trade with us.   
  • The most part of our Men were employed in putting up the Pickets &Sca.— Clark (Clark, William) says they were Wahkiakum (Wahkiakum Indians) Indians.
  • December 29, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
August 13, 1806 - Gass, Patrick
  • In the evening those in some of the small canoes, which were ahead, saw Indians, who fled before they could speak to them. At night we encamped opposite an old wintering village of the Grossventres (Hidatsa Indians) , which had been deserted some time ago. Mandans (Mandan Indians) or Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) (Gass's (Gass, Patrick) "Grossventres (Hidatsa Indians) ").
  • August 13, 1806
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
November 21, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Perhaps it was an error in communication. The Chehalis (Chehalis Indians) , or more precisely the Lower Chehalis (Chehalis Indians) , were a Salish (Flathead Indians) -speaking people living in Grays Harbor (Grays Harbor County, Wash.)
  • Their term is apparently c̓x̣i'ls, from Chinookan (Chinook Indians) giłac̓x̣i'ls, "Lower Chehalis (Chehalis Indians) Salish (Flathead Indians) people."
  • on Grays Harbor (Grays Harbor) . Lower Chehalis (Chehalis Indians) territory centered around Grays Harbor (Grays Harbor) and extended southward to Willapa Bay (Willapa Bay) , where the north shore was claimed by both the Lower Chehalis (Chehalis Indians) and the Chinooks (Chinook Indians) proper.
  • November 21, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
December 31, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark Tuesday 31st December 1805 last night was Cloudy and Some rain, this day prove Cloudy and Showerry are day, all the Indians Continue at their Camp near us, two other Canoes arrived, one from the War ci â cum (Wahkiakum Indians) Village with 3 indians and the other of 3 men & a Squar from higher up the river and are of the Skil-lute (Watlala Indians) nation, those people brought with them Some Wappato roots, mats made of flags and rushes dried fish, and a fiew Shaw-na tâh-que and Dressed Elk Skins, all of which they asked enormous prices for, perticularly the dressed Elk Skins, I purchased of those people Some Wap pa to two mats and about 3 pipes of their tobacco in a neet little bag made of rushes—    This tobacco was much like what we had Seen before with the So So ne (Shoshone Indians) or Snake (Shoshone Indians) indians, for those articles I gave a large fishing hook and Several other Small articles, the fishing hooks they were verry fond of. Those Skil lutes (Watlala Indians) are much better behaved than the War ci a cum (Wahkiakum Indians) indeed we found a great alteration in the Conduct of them all this morning, the Sight of our Sentinal on his post at the gate, together with our deturmined proseedure of putting all out at Sun Set has made this reform in those War ci a coms (Wahkiakum Indians) who is foward impertinant an thieveish.
  • His father had deserted or was shipwrecked from a British trading vessel—a very early one, judging from the man's apparent age. An Indian with red hair would have to have inherited genes for the trait from both parents.
  • December 31, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
September 26, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • The Indians met them, and behaved very peacable, and kind to them.    In a short time Captain Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) returned, with the Men on board.—    Captain Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) and Captain Clark (Clark, William) in about an hour, went on Shore again, when the Indians perceived our officers coming; they spread a buffalo Robe on the ground, and our Officers at landing set down on it.    The Robe was then taken hold of, by four of their Warriors, and they were carried to the Grand Chiefs lodge, where they remain'd till an entertainment was prepar'd for them.    〈The Indians killed several〉 this consisted of several of their fattest dogs which the Indians had killed & which they Roasted, esteeming dogs flesh, as the best of Meat, which they had served up to our Captains, and their Warriors & chiefs.—    As soon as night had set in, the Indian Women assembled, and commenced dancing, which lasted 'till about eleven o'Clock P.
  • (at night,) when our Captains came on board, and brought two of their chiefs with them.— The word "Savages" is written over "Indians."
  • September 26, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
April 8, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • This forenoon we passed two villages of the Grossventers (Hidatsa Indians) , or Big-bellys (Hidatsa Indians) nation of Indians on the South side and a small river on the same side called Cutteau (Knife River) or Knife river (Knife River) .
  • The woman that is with us is a squaw of the Snake (Shoshone Indians) nation of Indians, and wife to our interpreter. We expect she will be of service to us, when passing through that nation.
  • There were three Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) villages along the Knife River (Knife River) in McLean County (McLean County, N.
  • April 8, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
October 28, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark October 28th Monday 1805 a windey morning    loaded our Canoes and Set out at 9 oClock a m    3 Canoes Came 〈up〉 down from the Village above & 2 from that below    in one of those Canoes a Indian wore his hair cued, and had on a round hat. Wind from West Course distanc N. 50° W. 2 miles    Cove in a Lard. bend    Clift of rocks on each Side of 90 feet high, fiew pine N. 10° W. 2 miles to an Indian village of the Wishram (Wishram-Wasco Indians) nation of 8 houses in the form of those above, passed the mouth of a Small Creek   4   Those Indians have a musket a Sword, and Several Brass Tea kittles which they appear to be verry fond of    we purchased of those people five Small dogs, and Some Dried beries & white bread of roots, the wind rose and we were obliged to 〈ly〉 lie by about 1 mile below on the Lard.
  • Side.    we had not landed long eer an Indian Canoe Came from below with 3 Indians in it, those Indians make verry nice Canoes of Pine. Thin with aporns & Carve on the head imitation of animals & other heads; The Indians above Sacrafise the property of the Deceased to wit horses Canoes, bolds [bowls] Basquets of which they make great use to hold water boil their meet &c.
  • October 28, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 15, 1804 - Clark, William
  • as we proceeded on we Saw a number of indians on both Sides all day, Saw L. S some Curious Nnobs high and much the resemblance of a hiped [hipped] rough [roof] house, we halted at a Camp of 10 Lodges of Ricaras (Arikara Indians) on the S.
  • 〈passed an Old Chyenne (Cheyenne Indians) Village on the L. S. below a Creek on〉 the L. S.    a Camp of Ricaras (Arikara Indians) on the S.
  • Dak.)) , on the opposite shore. The three Arikara (Arikara Indians) camps are shown on Atlas map 26. The site is now inundated by Oahe Reservoir (Oahe Reservoir) .
  • October 15, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
May 30, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • we discover in many places old encampments of large bands of Indians, a fiew weeks past & appear to be makeing up the River. those Indians we believe to be the Blackfoot (Blackfeet Indians) Indians or Manetare (Atsina Indians) who Inhabit the Country on the heads of the Saskashoarr (Saskatchewan River) North of this place & trade a litto [little] in the Fort Deprare (Fort des Prairies (Canada)) establishments. we Camped in a handsome grove of cotton trees on the Stard.
  • Came 8 miles to day Ordway (Ordway, John) , still copying Clark (Clark, William) , mentions the Blackfeet (Blackfeet Indians) and Atsina (Atsina Indians) Indians, the Saskatchewan River (Saskatchewan River) , and the North West Company post of Fort des Prairies (Fort des Prairies (Canada)) where the two tribes traded.
  • May 30, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
September 24, 1804 - Clark, William
  • E.—    we prepared Some Clothes a few medal for the Chiefs of the Teton (Sioux Indians, Teton) band of Sioux (Sioux Indians) we expected to meet at the next River—    much Stone on the S.
  • South Dakota Guide, 135; Mattison (OR), 17; MRC map 40; MRY map 67. The word "Teton (Sioux Indians, Teton) " derived from t'íŋta t'uŋwaŋ , "prairie dwellers" and was used to designate those Sioux (Sioux Indians) who spoke the western or Lak'ota dialect.
  • By the middle of the century of the Tetons (Sioux Indians, Teton) had developed seven named divisions: Brulés (Sioux Indians, Brulé or Bois Brule) (sic'aŋġu, "burned thigh"); Oglalas (Sioux Indians, Oglala) (oglala, "scatter one's own"); Miniconjous (Sioux Indians, Miniconjou (Min-na-Kine-az-zo)) (mnik'owoju, "planters by water"); Sans Arcs (Sioux Indians, Sans Arc) (itazipco, "without bows"); Blackfeet (Sioux Indians, Blackfeet) (siha sápa, "black soles"), not to be confused with the Algonquian speaking Blackfeet (Blackfeet Indians) proper; Two Kettles (Sioux Indians, Two Kettles) (o'ohenuŋpa, "two boilings"); and Hunkpapas (Sioux Indians, Hunkpapa) (húŋkpap'a, "camp circle head").
  • September 24, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 24, 1804 - Clark, William
  • N. 64° W. 2 miles to a point of high land on which the Mandins (Mandan Indians) formerly lived (2) 7 24th October Wednesday 1804 Set out early    a Cloudy day    Some little Snow in the morning    I am Something better of the Rhumutim in my neck—    a butifull Countrey on both Sides of the river. The bottoms Covd. with wood, we have Seen no game on the river to day a prof of the Indians hunting in the neighbourhod    (1) passed a Island on the S. S. made by the river Cutting through a point, by which the river is Shortened Several miles—    on this Isld. we Saw one of the Grand Chiefs of the Mandins (Mandan Indians) , with five Lodges hunting, this Cheif met the Chief of the Ricares (Arikara Indians) who accompanied us with great Cordiallity & Sermony    Smoked the pipe & Capt.
  • S. below the old Village of the Mandins (Mandan Indians) & ricares.—    Soon after our landg. 4 Mandins (Mandan Indians) Came from a Camp above, the Ricares (Arikara Indians) Chief went with them to their Camp,
  • October 24, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
November 24, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • We had during this day a number of the Indians that came across the river Yesterday, at our Camp.    These Indians were part of 2 Nations, who resided along the Sea Coast.    They are called the Clattsops (Clatsop Indians) & Chi-n-ups (Chinook Indians) Nations.—    These Natives were well made & handsome featured generally, & very light coloured.   
  • The greater part of our Men were of opinion; that it would be best, to cross the River, & if we should find game plenty, that it would be of an advantage to us, for to stay near the Sea shore, on account of 〈procuring〉 making Salt, which we are nearly out of at this time, & the want of it in preserving our Provisions for the Winter, would be an object well worth our attention.— Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) and Chinook (Chinook Indians) Indians (see Clark's (Clark, William) entries of November 15 and 21).
  • November 24, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
December 10, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Tuesday Decemr. 10th    Captain Clark (Clark, William) and the party that went with him to the Ocean did not return this morning and the Indians that staid with us during the last night, left us this morning.   
  • The Indians who resided in these huts, informed Captain Clark (Clark, William) & his party, that there was a considerable number of Indians; who resided further up along the Coast.    The party that were with Captain Clark (Clark, William) had killed one Elk, and saw two Gangs of the same kind of animals.    The Indians at those huts, gave our Men plenty of pounded fish & Roots to eat, & behaved very friendly.   
  • December 10, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
September 1, 1806 - Clark, William
  • those Indians informed me they were Yanktons (Sioux Indians, Yankton) , one of the men with me knew one of the Indians to be the brother of young Durion's (Dorion, Pierre, Jr.) wife (Holy Rainbow) .    finding those indians to be Yanktons (Sioux Indians, Yankton) I invited them down to the boats to Smoke.   
  • The Mandan (Mandan Indians) Cheif gave a par of elegant Legins to the principal man of the indian party, which is an indian fashion.
  • September 1, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
April 25, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • .—    The dew at this place never falls; and it seldom Rains, this we were told, by an Indian Women that was with us, that embark'd on board one of the Pettyaugers at the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Nation with a frenchman her husband as our Interpreters to the Snake (Paiute Indians) Indians.— Shoshone Indians (Shoshone Indians) , Sacagawea's (Sacagawea) people.
  • April 25, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
November 16, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Clark 16th    November Friday 1804 a verry white frost    all the trees all Covered with ice, Cloudy, all the men move into the huts which is not finishd    Several Indians Come to Camp to day, The Ossiniboins (Assiniboine Indians) is at the Big bellie (Hidatsa Indians) Camp, Some trouble like to take place between them from the loss of horses &c. as is Said by an old Indian who visited us with 4 buffalow robes & Corn to trade for a pistol which we did not let him have, men imployed untill late in dobing their huts, Some horses Sent down to Stay in the woods near the fort, to prevent the Ossniboins (Assiniboine Indians) Steeling them Daubing, that is, coating the walls with clay to close the chinks between the logs.
  • November 16, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
April 4-6, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Thursday 4th Friday 5th Saturday 6 April    We had fine Clear weather during these days, And all our Men were employed in loading the Crafts, which they compleated on the 6th instant    Our officers had concluded to start on our Voyage this morning, (6th instant) and every thing necessary was in readiness, when a Messinger arrived at the Fort, from the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Villages, he informed our Officers, that the Rick a Ree (Arikara Indians) nation of Indians, was then on their way, to make Peace, with their Nation.—    Captain Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) concluded to stay that day, in order to know if the Messenger told the truth.    In the Evening ten of the Rick a Ree (Arikara Indians) Indians came to our Fort, being on their way to the Treaty.—
  • April 4-6, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
September 10, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • With one of the hunters, 3 of the Flathead (Flathead Indians) Indians came to our camp. They informed us that the rest of their band was over on the Columbia river (Columbia River) , about 5 or 6 days' journey distant, withpack-horses; that two of the Snake nation had stolen some of their horses, and that they were in pursuit of them.
  • Although the party called them Flatheads (Flathead Indians) (Salish (Flathead Indians) ), they were probably Nez Perces (Nez Perce Indians) .
  • September 10, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
December 31, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • We purchased several bags of these Roots from them.—    The party of Indians that came to our fort two days ago, left us.—    Our Men built 2 Centry Boxes & dug two Sinks &ca.— Clark (Clark, William) identified them as Wahkiakums (Wahkiakum Indians) and Skillutes (Watlala Indians) . The latter were probably Watlalas (Watlala Indians) , an Upper Chinookan (Chinook Indians) –language people living near the Cascades of the Columbia (Columbia River, Cascades (Great Rapids, Great Shute)) .
  • December 31, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
September 1, 1806 - Gass, Patrick
  • This was a fine pleasant day and we set out early, and about 10 o'clock met nine of the Yonktin (Sioux Indians, Yankton) band of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) nation of Indians on the south side of the river.
  • At night we arrived at our encampment of the 31st of August 1804, where we held a treaty with a band of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) nation, and encamped for the night. Yankton Sioux (Sioux Indians, Yankton) ; see Clark's (Clark, William) entries of August 28–31, 1804.
  • September 1, 1806
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
March 30, 1806 - Clark, William
  • here we were visited by several canoes of Indians from two Towns a Short distance above on the Wappato Island (Sauvie (Wapato) Island) .   
  • we landed and one of the indians pointed to the Shoto (Kanasisi Indians) village which is Situated back of Pond which lies parrelal with the river on the N E.
  • Soon after I had got into bead an Indian came up along in a Small Canoe. Those tribes of Indians who inhabit this vally differ but little in either their dress, manners, habuts and language from the Clat Sops (Clatsop Indians) Chinnooks (Chinook Indians) , and others on the Sea coast.   
  • March 30, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
August 22, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • had killed a faun deer, and informed us that he fell among a party of Indians which were troublesome as they took his gun & rode off    he rode after them and got his gun from out of an Indians hand.   
  • he informed us that he had met with a party of Indians, which took away his 〈the〉 Gun from him & rode off, & that he had pursued them, & forced his Gun from one of those Indians.    there were several Indian Squaws, with that party of Indians, that he had met, who had a considerable quantity of their kind of food (roots) & some Skins, those squaws ran off whilst he was forcing his Gun from the Indian, & left all, & he took 〈it〉 & brought 〈it〉 them in which him to our Camp.   
  • August 22, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
May 11, 1806 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • to this end we drew a map of the country with a coal on a mat in their way and by the assistance of the snake boy and our interpretters were enabled to make ourselves understood by them altho' it had to pass through the French, Minnetare (Hidatsa Indians) , Shoshone (Shoshone Indians) and Chopunnish (Nez Perce Indians) languages.   
  • In fact, he did not encounter any Indians on the Yellowstone (Yellowstone River) . Another indication of the widespread intertribal trade routes; these Nez Perces (Nez Perce Indians) probably visited the Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) in company with their sometime friends and allies the Crows (Crow Indians) . The Atsinas (Atsina Indians) ; see May 28, 1805. Scrofula is tuberculosis of the lymph glands.
  • May 11, 1806
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
July 28, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • just abov this creek I call 〈Bald〉 Indian Knob (Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa))    G.
  • July 28, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 2, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Vallie (Vallé, Jean) Came on board, Lat. 44° 19' 36 N.    we observed Some Indians on a hill on the S. S.    one Came to the river & fired off his gun and asked us to come [hole] he wish us to go to his Camp near at hand    we refused, passed a large Island on the S. S., here we expected the Tetons (Sioux Indians, Teton) would attempt to Stop us, and prepared for action, &c.   
  • Gass (Gass, Patrick) says the Indian "said he belonged to the Jonkta (Sioux Indians, Yankton) or Babarole (Sioux Indians, Brulé or Bois Brule) band"—evidently meaning either the Yankton (Sioux Indians, Yankton) or Bois Brulé (Sioux Indians, Brulé or Bois Brule) divisions of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) .
  • October 2, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
November 30, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • froze hard last night.    about 9 oClock A. M. an Indian came to the opposite Side of the River and called to come across.   
  • he Informed us that a party of the Sauix (Sioux Indians) nation had atcked a party of the Mandans (Mandan Indians) .    they killed 1 man on each Side    Several more wounded, but the Souix (Sioux Indians) Robbed the party of Manden (Mandan Indians) of their horses 5 or 6    this being done lately our officers thought it best to offer the Mandens (Mandan Indians) Some assistance if they were disposed to fight the Souix.
  • November 30, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
August 31, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • one hunter on a head.    one strange Indian seen which is Supposed to be one of the flat head (Flathead Indians) nation.    he ran off, and the Indians could not find him.    we then proceeded on over rough high hills.
  • we Came [blank] miles this day and Camped at Some Indian lodges near the Creek.    one of the hunters killed a deer at dusk and brought it to Camp after dark.— Also called Salish Indians (Flathead Indians) , see September 4.
  • August 31, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
September 5, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • the Standing water froze a little.    the Indian dogs are so ravinous that they eat Several pair of the mens Moccasons.   
  • we think perhaps that they are the welch Indians, &C.    they are the likelyest and honestest we have seen and are verry friendly to us.   
  • Communication would pass through Salishan (Flathead Indians) , Shoshone (Shoshone Indians) (from a Shoshone (Shoshone Indians) boy among the Flatheads (Flathead Indians) and Sacagawea (Sacagawea) ), Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) (Sacagawea (Sacagawea) and Charbonneau (Charbonneau, Toussaint) ), French (Charbonneau (Charbonneau, Toussaint) and a French speaker in the party), and English.
  • September 5, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
August 26, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • we halted to dine at a Spring within about 8 miles of the Indians Camp which is on the Small River.    one of our Indian women was taken Sick a little back of this and halted a fiew minutes on the road and had hir child and went on without Detaining us.   
  • We then proceeded on & came to where the Indian lodges lay.—    The Indians had prepared a large lodge for us, which lay in the Center of their lodges, here we unloaded our baggage, and deposited it.   
  • they were called the So-so-nee (Shoshone Indians) , or Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians.— Lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., and grand fir, Abies grandis (Dougl.)
  • August 26, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
November 4, 1804 - Clark, William
  • a french man by Name Chabonah (Charbonneau, Toussaint) , who Speaks the Big Belley (Hidatsa Indians) language visit us, he wished to hire & informed us his 2 Squars were Snake (Paiute Indians) Indians, we engau him to go on with us and take one of his wives to interpet the Snake (Paiute Indians) language    The Indians Horses & Dogs live in the Same Lodge with themselves Toussaint Charbonneau (Charbonneau, Toussaint) is, of course, one of the best-known members of the Corps of Discovery, thanks to his association with Sacagawea (Sacagawea) .
  • During Clark's (Clark, William) long tenure as superintendent of Indian affairs in the trans-Mississippi (Mississippi River) West, Charbonneau (Charbonneau, Toussaint) was on the government payroll much of the time as Mandan (Mandan Indians) and Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) interpreter.
  • There is some controversy about whether the name by which we know her was Shoshone (Shoshone Indians) or Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) , and the appropriate spelling and pronunciation remain in doubt.
  • November 4, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
Lewis & Clark among the Indians Afterword
  • Lewis & Clark among the Indians Afterword
  • Lewis & Clark among the Indians
  • Exploration was a cooperative endeavor requiring substantial information and support from the Indians. The Indians shaped the exploratory effort by their very presence on the land.
  • N.D.
  • Texts
  • James P. Ronda
December 12, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Thursday decemr. 12th    It was cloudy the whole of this day.    In the afternoon 10 Indians came to our encampment in Canoes; some of these Indians lived on the Sea Coast & the remainder lived up the Columbia River (Columbia River) .—    These Indians brought with them some Roots to trade with us. Including Coboway (Coboway) , a Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) leader, according to Clark (Clark, William) .
  • December 12, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
November 10, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Clark 10th November Satturday 1804 rose early    continued to build our fort    numbers of Indians Came to See us    a Chief Half Pania (Pawnee Indians) Came & brought a Side of a Buffalow, in return We Gave Some fiew small things to himself & wife & Son, he Crossed the river in the Buffalow Skin Canoo & and, the Squar took the Boat [NB: on her back] and proceeded on to the Town 3 miles    the Day raw and Cold wind from the N W, the Gees Continue to pass in gangues as also brant to the South, Some Ducks also pass Probably The Coal (Coal, The (Sho-ta-harro-ra)) , elsewhere described as an Arikara (Arikara Indians) by birth. Clark (Clark, William) again refers to the Arikaras (Arikara Indians) as Pawnees (Pawnee Indians) .
  • November 10, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
February 16, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark 16th of February Satturday 1805 a fine morning, visited by but fiew Indians to day, at Dusk two of the Indians who wint down with Capt. Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) returned, Soon after two others and one man (Howard (Howard, Thomas P.) ) with his feet frosted, and informed that the Inds. who Commited the roberry of the 2 horses was So far a head that they could not be overtaken, they left a number of pars of Mockersons which, the Mandans (Mandan Indians) knew to be Souix (Sioux Indians) mockersons,—    This war party Camped verry near the last camp I made when on my hunting party, where they left Some Corn, as a deception, with a view to induc a belief that they were Ricarras (Arikara Indians) .
  • February 16, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 7, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • at the mouth of this River is a wintering camp of the Rickaree (Arikara Indians) s having about 60 lodges.    we Saw 2 of the Souix (Sioux Indians) indians on the N.
  • Dak.)) , and is about 70 Yards wide at its Mouth.—    At the Mouth of this River 〈is〉 We saw, a Wintering Camp of the Rick a Rees (Arikara Indians) Indians, containing about 60 lodges; We saw two of the Souix (Sioux Indians) Indians on the North side of the River.   
  • October 7, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
October 28, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Clark Sunday 28th of October 1804 a windey Day, fair and Clear    many of the Grosvantres (Hidatsa Indians) [(]or Big Bellies (Hidatsa Indians) ) and Watersons (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) Came to See us and hear the Council    the wind being So violently hard from the S. W. provented our going into Councel, (indeed the Chiefs of the Manodans (Mandan Indians) from the lower Village Could not Cross, we made up the presents and entertained Several of the Curious Cheifs whome, wished to See the Boat which was verry Curious to them viewing it as great medison, [NB: (whatever is mysterious or unintelligible is called great medicine)] as they also viewed my black Servent    The Black Cat (Black Cat (Posecopsahe)) Grand Chief of the Mandans (Mandan Indians) , Capt Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) & my Self with an Interpeter walked up the river about 1½ miles    our views were to examine the Situation & Timbers for a fort, we found the Situation good but the Timber Scerce, or at least Small timbr Such as would [NB: not] answer us—, we Cunsulted the Grand Chief in respect to the other Chiefs of the Defferent Villages    he gave the names of 12—    George Drewyer (Drouillard, George) Cought 2 Beaver above our Camp last night, we had Several presents from the Woman of Corn boild homney, Soft Corn &c.
  • I prosent a jar [NB: earthern jar glazed] to the Chiefs wife who recved it with much pleasure our men verry Chearfull this evening—    we Sent the Cheifs of the Gross Vantres (Hidatsa Indians) to Smoke a pipe with the Grand Chef of the Mandins (Mandan Indians) in his Village, & told them we would Speek tomorrow.
  • October 28, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
Weather, August 1805 - Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether
  • Clark (Clark, William) in Codex I says, "Capt Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) arrived at the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indian camp on C[olumbia]." A line points the remark of August 13 to August 14.
  • Clark (Clark, William) adds, "I arrive at the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indian village on the waters of Columbia River (Columbia River) ."
  • Clark's (Clark, William) version is, "I rejoin the party at the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indian village & purchase horses." Clark (Clark, William) has, "Set out with the party from Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indian village."
  • Weather, August 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William; Lewis, Meriwether
September 10, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • they tell us that two of the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians has Stole 22 of their horses, and these three are in persuit of them.   
  • these Indians took our hunters up behind them, and rode very fast down to our Camp, We learnt from our Interpreters & Guide, that those Indians belonged to a Nation of Indians called the Flatt head (Flathead Indians) Nation.   
  • They also informed us, that two of the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Nation of Indians had stole 22 of their horses & that they were now in pursuit of them.   
  • September 10, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
October 19, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • At 8 o'clock we proceeded on; passed some islands and bad rapids, but no accident happened. We also passed a great many Indian camps. In the whole country around there are only level plains, except a few hills on some parts of the river. We went 36 miles and halted opposite a large Indian camp; and about thirty-six canoe loads of them came over to see us; some of whom remained all night; but we could not have much conversation with them as we did not understand their language.
  • Probably Umatilla Indians (Umatilla Indians) living in the vicinity of Plymouth (Plymouth, Wash.) , Benton County (Benton County, Wash.) , Washington (Washington) , but possibly Cayuses (Cayuse Indians) .
  • October 19, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
November 26, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • We proceeded on down the South side of the River, & came to an Inhabited Village of Indians.    We halted at this place for a short time; where the Indians gave us plenty to eat consisting of Roots not unlike potatoes & behaved friendly to us.—    They also gave us a few of these Roots or wild potatoes to take with us.   
  • We encamped in a thicket on the South shore.    Several Indians came to us in a Canoe, with Roots to sell.    We saw along the shore, a number of Islands that lay very low & marshy.    The Geese, swan & Ducks are in the greatest plenty at this place, & our Hunters killed a number of them.    We purchased the Roots the Indians had brought with them in the Canoe, and they left us well pleased.— The people were Cathlamets (Cathlamet Indians) , speaking Kathlamet, a Chinookan (Chinook Indians) language, and their village was at Knappa (Knappa, Oreg.) , Clatsop County (Clatsop County, Oreg.) , Oregon (Oregon) .
  • November 26, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
January 9, 1806 - Clark, William
  • I had the blubber & oil divided among' the party and Set out about Sunrise and returned by the Same rout we had went out, met Several parties of men & womin of the Chinnook (Chinook Indians) and Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) nations, on their way to trade with the Kil a mox (Tillamook Indians) for blubber and oil; on the Steep decent of the Mountain I overtook five men and Six womin with emence loads of the Oil and blubber of the Whale, those Indians had passed by Some rout by which we missed them as we went out yesterday; one of the women in the act of getting down a Steep part of the mountain her load by Some means had Sliped off her back, and She was holding the load by a Strap which was fastened to the mat bag in which it was in, in one hand and holding a bush by the other, as I was in front of my party, I endeavored to relieve this woman by takeing her load untill She Could get to a better place a little below, & to my estonishment found the load as much as I Could lift and must exceed 100 wt.   
  • as I was excessively fatigued and my party appeared verry much so, I deturmined to Stay untill the morning and rest our Selves a little. The Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) proceeded on with their lodes—    The Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) , Chin nooks (Chinook Indians) Kil á mox (Tillamook Indians) &c. are verry loquacious and inquisitive; they possess good memories and have repeeted to us the names capasities of the Vessels &c of many traders and others who have visited the mouth of this river; they are generally low in Statue, proportionably Small, reather lighter complected and much more illy formed than the Indians of the Missouri (Missouri River) and those of our fronteers; they are generally Chearfull but never gay.   
  • I am informed that the Me ne tar es (Hidatsa Indians) Ar war har mays (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) and Ricares (Arikara Indians) when attended by their old people on their hunting expedition prosued the Same Custom; but in justice to those people I must observe that it appeared to me at their villages, that they provided tolerably well for their aged persons, and Several of their feasts appear to have principally for their object a contribution for their aged and infirm persons.
  • January 9, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
September 29, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) 〉 we refused Stateing verry Sufficint reasons and was plain with them on the Subject, they were not pleased observed that they would walk on Shore to the place we intended to Camp to night, we observed it was not our wish that they Should for if they did we Could not take them or any other Tetons (Sioux Indians, Teton) on board except the one we had now with us who might go on Shore when ever he pleased—    they proceeded on, the Chief on board askd. for a twist of Tobacco for those men    we gave him ½ a twist, and Sent one by them for that part of their band which we did not See, & Continued on    Saw great numbers of Elk at the mouth of a Small 〈river〉 Creek Called 〈the〉 No timber (Cantier (No Timber) Creek) (—as no timber appeared to be on it.[)]    above the mouth of this Creek [NB: a Ricara (Arikara Indians) band of] the Panies (Pawnee Indians) had a Village 5 years ago,—    [NB: no remains but the mound which surrounded the town]    The 2d Chief Came on the Sand bar & requested we would put him across the river, I Sent a Perogue & Crossed him & one man to the S.
  • N. 8° W   1 ¾ to the mouth of a Creek on the L. S. where the Panias (Pawnee Indians) had a Town N. 45° E.   2 mes. to a pt. on the L. Side N. 25° E   1 ½ miles to the Lower pt. of a willow Island in the middle of the river.   11   Clark (Clark, William) frequently refers to the Arikaras (Arikara Indians) as "Panies (Pawnee Indians) " (Pawnees (Pawnee Indians) ). Both peoples belong to the Caddoan language family; the Arikaras (Arikara Indians) are believed to have separated from the Skiri Pawnees (Pawnee Indians, Loup or Skiri) .
  • September 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
January 16, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark 16th January Wednesday 1805 about thirty Mandans (Mandan Indians) Came to the fort to day, 6 Chiefs. Those Me ne ta rees (Hidatsa Indians) told them they were liars, had told them if they came to the fort the whites men would kill them, they had been with them all night, Smoked in the pipe and have been treated well and the whites had danced for them, observing the Mandans (Mandan Indians) were bad and ought to hide themselves—    one of the 1st War Chiefs of the big belles (Hidatsa Indians) nation Came to See us to day with one man and his Squar [NB: (his wife handsome)] to wate on him [NB: requested that she might be used for the night]    we Shot the Air gun, and gave two Shots with the Cannon which pleased them verry much, the little Crow (Little Crow (Ka-goh-ha-me)) 2d Chf of the lower village came & brought us Corn &.    4 men of ours who had been hunting returned one frost'd 〈but not bad〉 This war Chief gave us a Chart in his way of the Missourie (Missouri River) , he informed us of his intentions of going to war in the Spring against the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians    we advised him to look back at the number of nations who had been distroyed by war, and reflect upon what he was about to do, observing if he wished the hapiness of his nation, he would be at peace with all, by that by being at peace and haveing plenty of goods amongst them & a free intercourse with those defenceless nations, they would get on easy terms a great Number of horses, and that nation would increas, if he went to war against those Defenceless people, he would displease his great father, and he would not receive that pertection & Care from him as other nations who listened to his word—    This Chief who is a young man 26 yr. old replied that if his going to war against the Snake indians (Shoshone Indians) would be displeasing to us be would not go, he had horses enough. we observed that what we had Said was the words of his Great father, and what we had Spoken to all the nations which we Saw on our passage up, they all promis to open their ears and we do not know as yet if any of them has Shut them    (we are doubtfull of the Souxs (Sioux Indians) )    if they do not attend to what we have told them their great father will open their ears—    This Cheif Said that he would advise all his nation to Stay at home untill we Saw the Snake (Paiute Indians) Indians & Knew if they would be friendly, he himself would attend to what we had told him— He may be the same as Mar-book She-a-O-ke-ah (Seeing Snake (Mar-book She-a-O-ke-ah)) , or Seeing Snake (Seeing Snake (Mar-book She-a-O-ke-ah)) , who visited the fort again on February 1, in pursuit of his runaway wife.
  • See above, January 14, and Whitehouse's (Whitehouse, Joseph) entry for that same date. Indian cartography is discussed in Ronda (IC).
  • January 16, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William

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