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Lewis & Clark Expedition

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January 25, 1806 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • Commowooll (Coboway) and the Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) departed early this morning. At meridian Colter (Colter, John) returned and repoted that his comrade hunter Willard (Willard, Alexander) had continued his hunt from point Adams (Point Adams) towards the salt makers; and that they had killed only those two deer which the Indians brought yesterday.
  • E. of the Killamucks (Tillamook Indians) , are only bands of that numerous nation, which continues to extend itself much further on that coast than I have enumerated them, but of the particular appellations of those distant bands I have not yet been enabled to inform myself; their language also is somewhat different from the Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) Chinnooks (Chinook Indians) and Cathlâhmâhs (Cathlamet Indians) ; but I have not yet obtaind a vocabulary which I shall do the first oportunity which offers.
  • South of them along the coast were some small groups belonging to the Alsean, Siuslawan, and Coosan-language families; the Alseas (Alsea Indians) and the Yaquinas (Yaquina Indians) , the Siuslaws (Siuslaw Indians) , the Coos (Coos Indians) , and the Umpquas (Umpqua Indians) .
  • January 25, 1806
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
September 30, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • we proceeded on    Saw a Great nomber of Indians on the S. S. comming down the river.    we halted a fiew minutes and Gave them Some tobacco & Spoke a fiew words to them, and went on under a fine breeze of wind    towards night the waves ran & our boat rocked So that it Skared our old Indian which was on board    He was afraid to go any further with us, and went out on Shore in order to return to his nation.   
  • S. of the river.— Sunday Septemr 30    We set off early this morning, having cloudy weather, We proceeded on, & saw a great number of Indians, on the South side of the River; Running down to the River, The Officers stopped the boat a few minutes, and gave them some Tobacco, The Interpreter spoke a few Words to them; they belonging to the Souix (Sioux Indians) nation; which is by farr the most numerous Tribe of Indians, that Inhabit along the Mesouri (Missouri River) , We proceeded on with a favourable breeze of Wind, towards evening, the Waves ran very high, and our boat Rocked exceedingly— The Indian who was on board the boat, was so much frightened at the boat rocking,—    that he requested to be put on shore; being afraid to venture any further with us.— We landed this Indian on the shore, after the Officers had made him some presents, and he took a friendly leave of us and returned towards his nation—    We proceeded on 'till Evening, and encamped on a Bank lying on the North side of the River.— Perhaps Cruzatte (Cruzatte, Pierre) , who spoke the Omaha (Omaha Indians) language and perhaps a little Teton (Sioux Indians, Teton) Sioux (Sioux Indians) or Lakota.
  • September 30, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
October 2, 1804 - Gass, Patrick
  • He mentioned it as his opinion, that we should see no more Indians, until we should arrive at the nation of Rees (Arikara Indians) .
  • We passed black bluffs on the south side, an island covered with timber, and a handsome bottom on the north side. We halted and spoke to the Indian, who said he belonged to the Jonkta (Sioux Indians, Yankton) or Babarole (Sioux Indians, Brulé or Bois Brule) band, and that there were 20 lodges of them.
  • Evidently either the Yankton (Sioux Indians, Yankton) or Bois Brulé (Sioux Indians, Brulé or Bois Brule) divisions of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) .
  • October 2, 1804
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
October 29, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • a clear & pleasant morning.    we expect the Indians to assemble to day for to hold a Council with our officers.—    especially the chiefs & warries of 3 nats.   
  • Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) delivered a Speech to them through Intreperters, & counseled with the Manden (Mandan Indians) Grovantrs (Hidatsa Indians) & Weta Soaux (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) nations, the counsel was ended about 4 oC.
  • hoisted the flag we Gave them as well as the officers Gave an american flag for each village &.C. &.C.— Gros Ventres (Hidatsa Indians) , "big bellies (Hidatsa Indians) ," is the French term for the Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) , who were also called Watersoons (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) (variously spelled, as Ordway (Ordway, John) demonstrates) as well as other designations.
  • October 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
November 30, 1804 - Clark, William
  • W, Derection from this place about 8 Leagues, after they had made their hunt and on their return was attackted by a large Party of Seaux (Sioux Indians) , one of the party a young Chief was Killed 2 wounded & 9 horses taken, the men who made their escape Say the one half of the party who attacked them was Panias (Pawnee Indians) — The two Panias (Pawnee Indians) who Came here a fiew days ago was imediately Sent home, for fear of their being [pu]t to death by the party Defeated— Tw[o of th]e attacting party was Known to be Panies (Pawnee Indians) .
  • tell my father that I died bravely, and do not greive for me—["] 4 of the Big bellies (Hidatsa Indians) who were Camped near thos is missing, and Searching for him in their Camps above—    no one Dare to go to the ground where the battle was for fear of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) being noumerous—.
  • Here again Clark (Clark, William) is referring to the Arikaras (Arikara Indians) as "Pawnees (Pawnee Indians) " because of the linguistic kinship between the two.
  • November 30, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
February 14, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • .—    The officers sent 4 Men with 3 Horses and two Sleds (the horses being procur'd from the North West company's Traders) to bring the Meat, left by Captain Clark (Clark, William) , and his party to the Fort; They set out on the Ice and proceeded on about 25 Miles, when they halted to water their horses, at a place in the River, that was open near a piece of Timber'd Land, where there was a Warr path, part of the Souix (Sioux Indians) Nation being hidden in that place, waiting to plunder & murder any that might pass by them, that were not of their own nation, The Savages rushed out of this piece of Woods, and Ran towards our four Men Whooping and Shouting as they came, (the Men not having finish'd watering their horses) there being near 120 of those Savages, they then surrounded our Men, and took away the three horses, but offered no Violence then to them, One of these Savages returned back to one of our Men one of the horses, The Man to whom the Indian returned the horse gave that Indian some Corn bread, and divided another loaf of Corn bread, among them, giving their Chief that was with them a large Share.—    These Savages took the two other horses, and two knives from them, they then formed a half-Circle round them and held a consultation, the result of which, was that they should be murder'd by their party; which would certainly have been the case; had not two of their Warriors opposed them, and would not agree to its being done, the Savages then set the 〈three〉 four Men at liberty, to go to the fort, These Savages proceeded down the River, to the Rick a Ree (Arikara Indians) nation, and told them what they had done, they likewise informed the Pawne (Pawnee Indians) Indians of the same, This was told to Captain Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) (by a frenchman who lived among the pawne (Pawnee Indians) Indians and was there, when this set of Indians, arrived at that Village,) 〈at our Fort some short time afterwards〉.—    〈being the 28th instant〉.—    The party that was robbed by the Indians returned to the Fort, at 12 o'Clock the same night, they were very much fataigued.   
  • The Officers immediately called on the party for 20 Volunteers, to off early in the Morning, in pursuit of those Robbers.—    Twenty immediately of them volunteered their Service, and prepar'd themselves to be in readiness by day light.— Pawnee (Pawnee Indians) (spelled variously) was a name the party sometimes used for the Arikaras (Arikara Indians) ; the two tribes spoke related Caddoan languages.
  • February 14, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
August 21, 1806 - Ordway, John
  • M. we arived at the upper village of Rickarees (Arikara Indians) where we halted after fireing our blunderbusses.    they gathered on the bank verry numerous    a party of the Chiens (Cheyenne Indians) are here trading with these natives for corn    give buffaloe meat dryed meat in return    three frenchman are living here & one Spanyard. they informed us that 15 hundred of the Souix (Sioux Indians) nation had gone up to war with the Mandans (Mandan Indians) .    our officers gave a principal man of the chien (Cheyenne Indians) nation a meddle.    he gave in return Some fat dryed buffaloe meat.   
  • Gravveleen (Gravelines, Joseph) and he had not returnd.    this nation of chien or dog Indians (Cheyenne Indians) live at the heads of chien river towards the black hills (Black Hills) .   
  • August 21, 1806
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
August 15, 1806 - Clark, William
  • he Said that the Ricaras (Arikara Indians) had Stolen from his people a number of horses at different times and his people had killed 2 Ricaras (Arikara Indians) .   
  • the party also gave him Several articles which will be usefull to him on his expedittion.— This evening Charbono (Charbonneau, Toussaint) informed me that our back was scercely turned before a war party from the two menetarry (Hidatsa Indians) villages followed on and attacked and killed the Snake Indians (Shoshone Indians) whome we had Seen and in the engagement between them and the Snake indians (Paiute Indians) they had lost two men one of which was the Son of the principal Chief of the little village of the menitarras (Hidatsa Indians) .    that they had also went to war from the Menetarras (Hidatsa Indians) and killeld two Ricaras (Arikara Indians) .    he further informed me that a missunderstanding had taken place between the Mandans (Mandan Indians) & minetarras (Hidatsa Indians) and had verry nearly come to blows about a woman, the Mintarres (Hidatsa Indians) at length presented a pipe and a reconsilliation took place between them Codex N begins with a list, about a page and a half long, of items sent to Washington (Washington D.C.)
  • August 15, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
January 10, 1806 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • they killed one Elk & wounded two more of them.    Towards evening 12 Indians of the Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) Nation came to the fort.   
  • This Indian had a design to kill the Man belonging to that party, for his blanket.   
  • The people living in the vicinity of the whale site were Tillamooks (Tillamook Indians) , Kilamox (Tillamook Indians) to the party, belonging to the coastal branch of the Salishan (Flathead Indians) language family.
  • January 10, 1806
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
February 7, 1804 - Clark, William
  • ) @ 2 oClock    rain Incres a little, The Creek or River a Dubois (Dubois River) rasin fast, Swept off a Canoo belonging to a Maumies (Miami Indians) Indian from out its mouth.    if the present fresh continus a fiew days, the water passing down this Small river [the Dubois (Dubois River) ] will Wash off all that immence quantity of mud which has filled up its mouth for 300 yards by the Missouris (Missouri River) ooze or mud    8th On the upper Maumee River (Maumee River) , near present Fort Wayne (Fort Wayne, Ind.) , Indiana (Indiana) , were seven Indian villages that were destroyed by whites in 1790. Two were Miami (Miami Indians) , three Delaware (Delaware Indians) , and two Shawnee (Shawnee Indians) . Perhaps the Indian Clark (Clark, William) refers to was a member of the Miami (Miami Indians) tribe.
  • February 7, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
September 29, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • we sent them 2 carrits to a Sand bar but told them we Should not land any more untill we got to the Rick Rea (Arikara Indians) Nation of Indians.    the Missouri (Missouri River) is verry Shallow.   
  • we Saw a verry large flock of Elk on the Bottom S. Side. Some Indians Shot at them.—    we crossed 2 Indians in the pearogue to N S of the River.
  • the Guard only on Shore. Arikara (Arikara Indians) Indians.
  • September 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
August 18, 1804 - Clark, William
  • E. in the after part of the Day    the Party with the Indians arrivd.    we meet them under a Shade near the Boat and after a Short talk we gave them Provisions to eat & proceeded to the trail of Reed (Reed, Moses B.) , he Confessed that he "Deserted & Stold a public Rifle Shot-pouch Powder & Bals" and requested we would be as favourable with him as we Could consistantly with our Oathes—which we were and only Sentenced him to run the Gantlet four times through the Party & that each man with 9 Swichies Should punish him and for him not to be considered in future as one of the Party— The three principal Chiefs petitioned for Pardin for this man After we explained the injurey Such men could doe them by false representation, & explang. the Customs of our Countrey they were all Satisfied with the propriety of the Sentence & was witness to the punishment. after which we had Some talk with the Chiefs about the orrigan of the war between them & the Mahars (Omaha Indians) &c. &c.—    it commenced in this way i'e' in two of the Missouries (Missouri Indians) Tribe resideing with the Ottoes (Oto Indians) went to the Mahars (Omaha Indians) to Steel horses, they Killed them both which was a cause of revenge on the part of the Missouris (Missouri Indians) & Ottoes (Oto Indians) , they also brought war on themselves [WC: Cap L. (Lewis, Meriwether) Birth day]    Nearly in the Same way with the Panea Loups (Pawnee Indians, Loup or Skiri) [Skiri Pawnees (Pawnee Indians, Loup or Skiri) ] and they are greatly in fear of a just revenge from the Panies (Pawnee Indians) for takeing their Corn from the Pania (Pawnee Indians) Towns in their absence hunting this Summer.
  • August 18, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
February 28, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Gravilin (Gravelines, Joseph) 2 frenchmen and 2 Ricaras (Arikara Indians) arrived from the Ricaras (Arikara Indians) with letters from Mr. Taboe (Tabeau, Pierre-Antoine) &c. informing us of the Deturmination of the Ricaras (Arikara Indians) to follow our councils—    and the threts & intintions of the Sioux (Sioux Indians) in Killing us whenever they again met us—    and that a party of Several bands were formeing to attacke the Mandans (Mandan Indians) &c.
  • we informed the Mandans (Mandan Indians) & others of this information & 〈answered〉 also the wish the Ricars (Arikara Indians) had to live near them & fite the Sioux (Sioux Indians) &c.
  • February 28, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
March 15, 1806 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • In the afternoon a number of the Chin-ook (Chinook Indians) Nation of Indians—    came to the fort.    The Cath-le-mah (Cathlamet Indians) Village is situated on the So Side of the Columbia River (Columbia River) 45 Miles above fort Clatsop (Fort Clatsop (Oreg.))   
  • They are not Flatheads (Flathead Indians) (Salish (Flathead Indians) ), here apparently used as a generic designation. Drouillard (Drouillard, George) and a party of five men left this day to try to obtain a canoe from the Cathlamets (Cathlamet Indians) .
  • March 15, 1806
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
November 24, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • The Calumbian River (Columbia River) at this place is three miles 660 yards wide. Some of two nations of Indians came to our Encampment the Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) and Chinuck (Chinook Indians) nations    they behave very well as yet.    our officers conclude with the oppinion of the party to cross the River and look out a place for winters quarter Some where as near the ocean as possable on the account of makeing Salt. The Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) Indians are discussed under Clark's (Clark, William) entry of November 21, while the Chinook (Chinook Indians) Indians are considered at November 15.
  • November 24, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
November 11, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Cathlamet Indians
  • those people left us and Crossed the river (which is about 5 miles wide at this place) through the highest waves I ever Saw a Small vestles ride. Those Indians are Certainly the best Canoe navigaters I ever Saw.    rained all day The Cathlamets (Cathlamet Indians) , or Kathlamets (Cathlamet Indians) , lived across the Columbia River (Columbia River) from the Wahkiakums (Wahkiakum Indians) and both peoples spoke the Kathlamet language.
  • About 1810 the Cathlamets (Cathlamet Indians) moved across the Columbia (Columbia River) and joined the Wahkiakums (Wahkiakum Indians) in a village at the present site of Cathlamet (Cathlamet, Wash.) .
  • November 11, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 27, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Its inhabitants were the members of one of the three commonly recognized divisions of the Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) , or Minitari (Hidatsa Indians) , tribe. The captains recognized that the people of this village were somewhat distinct from the Minitaris (Hidatsa Indians) , though allied with them. This small group had a multitude of names; Clark (Clark, William) at various times called them Ahnahaways (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , Ahwahaways (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , Gens de Soulier (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , Mahaha (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , Maharhar (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , Shoe (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) Indians, Soulier Noir (Black Shoe) (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , and Watersoons (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , among other names. The last may come from an Arikara (Arikara Indians) designation, wiitatshaánu'. The name Amahami ("mountainous country") gained acceptance from Washington Matthews's ethnographic studies; Alfred Bowers calls them the Awaxawi (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) .
  • October 27, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 25, 1804 - Clark, William
  • back for Several miles is a butifull plain    (2) at a Short distance above this old village on a Continuation of the Same eminance was Situated the 〈Ricares (Arikara Indians) Village〉 [NB: two old villages of ricaras (Arikara Indians) one on top of high hill the 2d below in the bottom.] which have been avacuated only Six [NB: five] years, above this village a large and extensive bottom for Several miles in which the Squars raised ther Corn, but little timber near the villages, [NB: about 3 or 4 miles above Ricaras (Arikara Indians) villages are 3 old villages of Mandans (Mandan Indians) near together—here they lived when the R's (Arikara Indians) came for protection    afterwards moved where they now live.]   
  • we are told that the Seaux (Sioux Indians) has latterly fallen in with & Stole the horses of the Big belley, on their way home they fell in with the Ossiniboin (Assiniboine Indians) who killed them and took the horses—    a frenchman has latterly been killed by the Indians on the Track to the tradeing establishment on the Ossinebine R. (Assiniboine River) in the North of this place (or British fort) (Fort Assiniboine (Canada)) This frenchman has lived 〈20〉 many years with the Mandins (Mandan Indians) —    we were frequently called on to land & talk to parties of the Mandins (Mandan Indians) on the Shore, wind Shifted to the S.
  • October 25, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
August 20, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark "So-So-ne (Shoshone Indians) " the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians August 20th Tuesday 1805 Set out at half past 6 oClock and proceeded on (met maney parties of Indians) thro' a hilley Countrey to the Camp of the Indians on a branch of the Columbia River (Columbia River) , before we entered this Camp a Serimonious hault was requested by the Chief and I Smoked with all that Came around for Several pipes, we then proceeded on to the Camp & I was introduced into the only Lodge they had which was pitched in the Center for my party all the other Lodges made of bushes, after a fiew Indian Seremonies I informed the Indians the object of our journey our good intention towards them my consern for their distressed Situation, what we had done for them in makeing a piece with the Minitarras (Hidatsa Indians) Mandans (Mandan Indians) Rickara (Arikara Indians) &c. for them—.   
  • Those pore people Could only raise a Sammon & a little dried Choke Cherris for us    half the men of the tribe with the Chief turned out to hunt the antilopes, at 3 oClock after giveing a fiew Small articles as presents I set out accompanied by an old man as a 〈pilot〉 Guide (I endevered to procure as much information from thos people as possible without much Suckcess they being but little acquainted or effecting to be So—[)]    I lef one man to purchase a horse and overtake me and proceeded on thro a wide rich bottom on a beaten Roade 8 miles    Crossed the river and encamped on a Small run, this evening passed a number of old lodges, and met a number of men women children & horses, met a man who appeared of Some Consideration who turned back with us, he halted a woman & gave us 3 Small Sammon, this man continued with me all night and partook of what I had which was a little Pork verry Salt. Those Indians are verry attentive to Strangers &c. I left our interpreter (Charbonneau, Toussaint) & his woman (Sacagawea) to accompany the Indians to Capt Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) tomorrow the Day they informed me they would Set out    I killed a Pheasent at the Indian Camp larger than a dungal [dunghill] fowl with feshey protuberances about the head like a turkey. Frost last night Clark's (Clark, William) courses for his reconnaissance, August 20–23, are found with his entry of August 25, 1805. The Shoshone (Shoshone Indians) camp had probably moved from its previous location to a site about four miles north of Tendoy (Tendoy, Idaho) , Lemhi County (Lemhi County, Idaho) , near where Kenney Creek (Kenney Creek) joins the Lemhi River (Lemhi (East Fork Lewis's) River) .
  • August 20, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
August 31, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Peter Darion (Dorion, Pierre, Sr.) , a Comission to act with a flag & some Cloathes & Provisions & instructions to bring about a peace with the Scioux (Sioux Indians) Mahars (Omaha Indians) , Panies (Pawnee Indians) , Ponceries (Ponca Indians) , Ottoes (Oto Indians) & Missouries (Missouri Indians) —    and to employ any trader to take Some of the Cheifs of each or as many of those nations as he Could Perticularly the Sceiouex (Sioux Indians) [NB: down to Washn]—    I took a Vocabulary of the Scioux (Sioux Indians) Language—    and the Answer to a fiew quaries Such a[s] refured to ther Situation, Trade, number War, &c.
  • This Great Nation who the French has given the nickname of Sciouex (Sioux Indians) , Call them selves Dar co tar (Sioux Indians)    their language is not peculiarly their own, they Speak a great number of words, which is the Same in every respect with the Maha (Omaha Indians) , Poncaser (Ponca Indians) , Osarge (Osage Indians) & Kanzies (Kansa Indians) .   
  • The Dar co tar (Sioux Indians) or Sceouex (Sioux Indians) rove & follow the Buffalow raise no corn or any thing else the woods & praries affording a Suffcency, the eat Meat, and Substitute the Ground potato which grow in the Plains for bread The names of the Different Tribes or Canoes of the Sceoux (Sioux Indians) or Dar co tar (Sioux Indians) Nation— 1st    Che cher ree Yank ton (Sioux Indians, Yankton) (or bois 〈rulay〉 [NB: brulé]) (Sioux Indians, Brulé or Bois Brule) now present inhabit the Sciouex (Sioux Indians) & Demoin (Des Moines River) rivers and the Jacques (James (Jacque) River (S.
  • August 31, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 26, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Whitehouse Friday October 26th    This morning we had clear & pleasant Weather, We set off early, at 10 oClock we came too, where a party of the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Indians were hunting, & they were encamped in a River bottom which was cover'd with heavy Timber, on the South side of the River,—    We found with those Indians an Irishman that belonged to the Northwest Company of Traders.    We stop'ed with those Indians about one hour, and then proceeded on our way 'till Night, and encamped, on the South side of the River, Some of the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Indians who we found a hunting this day came and staid with us this night
  • October 26, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
February 28, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • While we were absent an express arrived from the Rickarees (Arikara Indians) village with news that the Sioux (Sioux Indians) had declared war against us, and also against the Mandans (Mandan Indians) and Grossventers (Hidatsa Indians) . They had boasted of the robbery of the 14th at the Rickarees (Arikara Indians) village in their way home, and that they intended to massacre the whole of us in the spring. By this express we therefore found out that it was the Sioux (Sioux Indians) who had taken the horses from our men.
  • February 28, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
April 20, 1806 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • they stole two spoons from us in the course of the day. The Scaddals (Klickitat Indians) , Squan-nan-os (Klickitat Indians) , Shan-wah-pums (Klickitat Indians) and Shallattas (Klickitat Indians) reside to the N.
  • It consists of a description of the "Enesher (Tenino Indians) " and "Skillutes (Watlala Indians) ." It is the beginning paragraph of this entry.
  • These four groups were apparently divisions of the Klickitat Indians (Klickitat Indians) . In the Estimate of Western Indians, they were incorrectly identified as being Pisquows (Pisquow Indians) or Kittitas (Kittita Indians) .
  • April 20, 1806
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
June 6, 1806 - Clark, William
  • It is mainly a list of Nez Perce (Nez Perce Indians) terms for major tributaries of the Missouri River (Missouri River) , going downstream. It indicates the extent of Nez Perce (Nez Perce Indians) knowledge of the country east of the Rockies (Rocky Mountains) , either from Crow (Crow Indians) informants or from trips as far as the Mandan (Mandan Indians) -Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) villages, perhaps in company with Crows (Crow Indians) . Up-shar-look-kar, Crow Indians (Crow Indians) Rockejhone (Yellowstone River) , French for Yellowstone (Yellowstone River) Sin-sho-cal, Dearborn River (Dearborn River) Koos-koos-an-nim-a, Little Missouri River (Little Missouri (E-mâh-tark',-Ah'-zhah) River) Cal la mar-Sha mosh, Sun River (Sun (Mah-pah-pah,-ah-zhah, Medicine) River) Walch-Nim-mah, Knife River (Knife River) Co-ma win-nim, Marias River (Marias River) Ni-hi-Sir-te, perhaps Heart River (Heart (Ches-che-tar and similar spellings) River) or Cannon (Cannonball (Bullet) River) - Ta-ki-á-ki-á, Musselshell River (Musselshell (Mah-tush,-ah-zhah, Shell) River) ball River (Cannonball (Bullet) River) (see below) Wah-wo-ko-ye-o-cose, perhaps   Yellowstone River (Yellowstone River)   Some of the terms may be linguistically defined as follows: "Up-shar-look-kar" is apparently the Crow (Crow Indians) self-designation, Apsáalooke; the present Nez Perce (Nez Perce Indians) name for Crow Indians (Crow Indians) is 'isú·x̣e; "Wah-wo-ko-ye-o-cose" may be wewúkiye kú·s, "elk water," for the Yellowstone River (Yellowstone River) ; "Walch-Nim-mah" may be walcníma, from the root wálc for "knife."
  • June 6, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
August 2, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Brought It to Camp    12 of the Zottoe (Oto Indians) Indians Arivd. at Our Camp Calld. the Council Bluffs (Council Bluff (Nebr.)) , or the Brarareham prarie; at the Hour of P.
  • at 7 oClock A. M. the Zoto (Oto Indians) Indians arrived at our Camp, which the Captains had alter'd the name of, to that of Council Bluffs (Council Bluff (Nebr.)) , or the Brareoham Priari (Council Bluff (Nebr.)) .—    no business with the Indians commenced this day, the number of Zoto (Oto Indians) Indians that arrived were 12, the remainder of the Warriors, Chiefs, and hunters of that nation having not returned from hunting Buffaloes in the Priaries.—    The commanding officers order'd them plenty of Provisions.    They are a handsome stout well made set of Indians & have good open Countenances, and are of a light brown colour, and have long black hair, which they do wear without cutting; and they all use paint in order to compleat their dress.—
  • August 2, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
August 18, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • the Deserter, likewise the pettevaliar the Big chief of the Zottous (Oto Indians) & another called the Big horse (Big Horse) , a frenchman & 7 of the warriers &c—    they all came for the purpose of treating & making friends with the Mahars (Omaha Indians) , &c    M.
  • it is expected that he has deserted.— Saturday August 18th    We fired off our Cannon as a signal for the Indians & We remained still at same place, G. Drewyer (Drouillard, George) , and two other Men who had been sent out in search of Reade who had deserted returned; having brought the deserter with them, they likewise were accompanied by Pettis 〈ahar.〉 Wallow (Little Thief) , the big chief of the Zoto (Oto Indians) Indians, also another Indian of the same Nation called the Big horse (Big Horse) , and a frenchman 7 Indian Warriors, and a number of Indians all of the same tribe 〈of Indians.〉   
  • August 18, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
June 15, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Nearly opposit the Antient Village of the Little Osarges (Little Osage Indians) and below the Antt. Village of the Missoures (Missouri Indians)    both Situations in view an within three Ms. of each other, the Osage (Osage Indians) were Settled at the foot a hill in a butifell Plain which extends back quite to the Osage River (Osage (Osarge) River) , in front of the Vilg: Next to the river is an ellegent bottom Plain which extends Several miles in length    on the river in this low Prarie the Missouries (Missouri Indians) lived after They were reduced by the Saukees (Sauk Indians) [NB: Saukees (Sauk Indians) ] at Their Town Some Dists. below. The little osage (Little Osage Indians) finding themselves much oppressed by the Saukees (Sauk Indians) & other nations, left this place & built a village 5 ms. from the Grand Osarge (Great Osage Indians) Town about [blank] years ago.    a few of the Missoures (Missouri Indians) accompanied them, the remainder of that nation went on the Otteaus (Oto Indians) on the River Platt (Platte River (Nebr.)) .
  • June 15, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 22, 1805 - Gass, Patrick
  • Evidently the reference to "Snakes (Paiute Indians) " left Gass (Gass, Patrick) , or McKeehan (McKeehan, David) , confused. Snake (Paiute Indians) Indians on the Deschutes River (Deschutes (Clark's, Towanahiook's) River) would be Paiutes (Paiute Indians) .
  • In this area were the party's Eneeshurs (Tenino Indians) , perhaps the later Tenino Indians (Tenino Indians) , and some Wanapams (Wanapam Indians) .
  • October 22, 1805
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
March 29, 1806 - Clark, William
  • dureing the time we were at Brackfast a Canoe with three Indians of the Clan-nar-min-na-mon (Katlaminimin Indians) Nation came down, one of those men was dressed in a Salors Jacket & hat & the other two had a blanket each, those people differ but little either in their dress manners & Language from the Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) & Chinnooks (Chinook Indians)    they reside on Wappato Inlet which is on the S W. side about 12 miles above our encampment of the last night and is about 2 miles from the lower point, four other Tribes also reside on the inlet and Sluce which passes on the South W. Side of the Island, the first tribe from the lower point is the Clannarminamon (Katlaminimin Indians) , on the Island, the Clackster (Clatskanie Indians) Nation on the main S.
  • the next Cath-lah-cum-up (Cath-lah-cum-up Indians) , Clâh-in-na-ta (Clah-in-na-ta Indians) , Cath-lah-nah-qui-ah (Cath-lah-nah-qui-ah Indians) and at Some distance further up is a tribe called Cath-lah-com-mah-up (Cath-lah-cam-mah-tup Indians) Those tribes all occupie Single Villages. we proceeded on to the lower point of the Said island accompanied by the 3 Indians, & were met by 2 canoes of nativs of the quath-lah-pah-tal (Cathlapotle Indians) who informed us that the chanel to the N E of the Island was the proper one.   
  • March 29, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 26, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • The first "Flatheads (Flathead Indians) " they met were the Salish (Flathead Indians) , of the Salish (Flathead Indians) an language family. From the Nez Perces (Nez Perce Indians) on down to The Dalles (Columbia River, The Dalles of the (Great Narrows)) the people were primarily Shahaptian speakers. Now they were among Chinookans (Chinook Indians) . Perhaps they picked up the idea of calling all the people west of the mountains Flatheads (Flathead Indians) from the Mandans (Mandan Indians) and Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) , or maybe from Sacagawea (Sacagawea) and her fellow Shoshones (Shoshone Indians) .
  • October 26, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
July 28, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • In the fair copy Whitehouse (Whitehouse, Joseph) says he was a "Zoto (Oto Indians) " (Oto (Oto Indians) ), but Clark (Clark, William) calls him a Missouri (Missouri Indians) Indian.
  • July 28, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
April 4, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) entrusted him with a message to Indians on the Des Moines River (Des Moines River) about the change of sovereignty in Louisiana (Louisiana) .
  • They spoke a Siouan language of the Chiwere group, closely related to Oto (Oto Indians) and Missouri (Missouri Indians) . Their economy was based on hunting and horticulture. For the Sioux (Sioux Indians) , see August 31, 1804. Hodge, 1:612–14; Blaine.
  • April 4, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
July 28, 1804 - Ordway, John
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • Drewyer (Drouillard, George) killed one Deer & joined us    brought the Indian with him, where we was Camped on the north Side of the River in Timbered land below an Isld. & prarie.— Or Indian Knob Creek (Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)) , apparently Pigeon Creek (Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)) , Pottawattamie County (Pottawattamie County, Iowa) , Iowa (Iowa) .
  • July 28, 1804
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
July 28, 1804 - Floyd, Charles
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)
  • Side    the Land is Low    that on the South is High prarie Land    ouer flanken partey Came with one Indian thay found on the South Side Probably the creek that Clark (Clark, William) and others called Indian Knob Creek (Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)) , apparently Pigeon Creek (Pigeon (Beaver, Indian Knob, Round-Knob) Creek (Iowa)) , Pottawattamie County (Pottawattamie County, Iowa) , Iowa (Iowa) .
  • July 28, 1804
  • Journals
  • Floyd, Charles
October 29, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • some of the Head Chiefs and Warriors of the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Indians & the Gross Vaunter (Hidatsa Indians) s & Water Souix (Sioux Indians) Chiefs came to our Encampment, in Order to hold a Council with our Officers.   
  • M. the Council commenced, and One of our Swivels was fired off— Our officers then took the Chiefs of the Indians by the hand, and Captain Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) 〈made〉 deliver'd a Speech to them, all, which lasted some time, and was Interpreted by our Interpreter to them,—   at which they seemed highly pleased    The Council being over, he gave presents among them of Goods & Cloathing and to each Nation he gave an American Flag, he also gave to the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Chiefs a Steel Corn Mill, and by Interpreter explained the use of it, in grinding of Corn, instead of pounding it, which was the only way they had of making Corn Meal.—    In the Evening the Indians left our Camp and seemed well pleased
  • October 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
August 14, 1806 - Ordway, John
  • M. we arived at our old neighbours the Grousevauntaus (Hidatsa Indians) and Mandans (Mandan Indians) .    we Saluted them by firing our Swivvel and blunderbusses a number of times    they answered us with a blunderbuss and Small arms and were verry glad to See us    we halted a Short time at the Grousevauntaus (Hidatsa Indians) village then mooved down convenient to boath the Grousevauntaus (Hidatsa Indians) and Mandans (Mandan Indians) and Campd. in order to Stay 2 or 3 days to try to git Some of these chiefs to do down with us to Show them the power of the united States &C.   
  • Clark (Clark, William) was dressing his wound, but Soon came too again.— Here meaning the Hidatsa Indians (Hidatsa Indians) . Only Ordway (Ordway, John) records Lewis fainting.
  • August 14, 1806
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
December 1, 1804 - Gass, Patrick
  • One of the traders from the North West Company came to the fort, and related that the Indians had been troublesome in his way through. An Indian came down from the first Mandan (Mandan Indians) village, and told us that a great number of the Chien (Cheyenne Indians) or Dog (Cheyenne Indians) nation had arrived near the village. George Henderson (Henderson, George) , actually of the Hudson's Bay Company, and thus a competitor of the North West Company traders. Cheyennes (Cheyenne Indians) ; Gass (Gass, Patrick) is still confusing the name with chien, or dog.
  • December 1, 1804
  • Journals
  • Gass, Patrick
February 24, 1806 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • in the afternoon George Drewyer (Drouillard, George) who went with the Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) Indians two days past returned to the fort; he was accompanied by a number of the Natives.    They all came in Canoes & brought some Straw & Split hatts, fresh fish &ca for sale.    These Indians catch Sturgeon & other fish in great abundance    Our officers purchased of these Indians a Sea Otter skin & several of their hatts.    These Indians staid at the fort during this night.    they were a part of the Clatsop (Clatsop Indians) Nation & behaved themselves very well.—    Our 2 hunters returned to the fort & had killed One Elk.—
  • February 24, 1806
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
August 31, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • a Strange Indian came in Site of these lodges who they expected to be one of the nation called the flat heads (Flathead Indians) .   
  • A strange Indian came in sight of the lodges, which we past; which the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians thought was one of the Nation of Indians, which they called the flatt head (Flathead Indians) nation:—    he ran as soon as he saw us; and several of the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians followed him, We proceeded on a short distance, and crossed the Columbia River (Columbia River) , where we halted to break fast.    One of our party was sent out this morning a hunting, and two others of our party was sent to the Indian Camp with some articles to purchase some Salmon,—    but the Indians had removed their Camps, & they got none.   
  • August 31, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
October 26, 1804 - Clark, William
  • David Thompson (Thompson, David) reports him killed by the Sioux (Sioux Indians) on a journey to the Mandans (Mandan Indians) , but the date is certainly wrong.
  • The presence among them of prominent men of Cheyenne (Cheyenne Indians) and Arikara (Arikara Indians) birth suggests a relatively low degree of ethnocentrism.
  • Thereafter they lived by necessity with the Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) and inter-married with them. At the present time there are believed to be no full-blooded Mandans (Mandan Indians) , though they are counted as one of the Three Affiliated Tribes (Mandan (Mandan Indians) -Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) -Arikara (Arikara Indians) ) at Fort Berthold Reservation (Fort Berthold Reservation (N.
  • October 26, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
January 16, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • three men returned from hunting with the horses, but brought no meat. Some of the Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians Stayed with all night.— If these were Shoshone Indians (Shoshone Indians) , they would probably have been slaves captured in Hidatsa (Hidatsa Indians) raids.
  • January 16, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
August 17, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • LueBash (Labiche, François) returned By himself    Lost the Party and came to Camp with measige    Santdy 18 Friday August 17th    We remained still at same place, the men were employed repairing their Arms, and Cloathing; La'Beech (Labiche, François) 〈or〉 our Interpreter in the Evening came by himself to us and informed our Officers, that he had left the Zoto (Oto Indians) head chief, called the Pettit Wallow (Little Thief) , & 12 of his Chiefs & Warriors with Read (Reed, Moses B.) , who had deserted from us, 6 Miles from our Camp, and told our Captains, if any of the Mahaw (Omaha Indians) Indians were with us, we should remain still, but if none of them were then among us, to fire off our 〈Cannon〉 Swivel, the Zoto (Oto Indians) Indians being at Warr with the Mahaws (Omaha Indians) .— From "LueBash (Labiche, François) " on, the writing appears to be in the hand of No. 3.
  • Whitehouse (Whitehouse, Joseph) seems to imply that the Otos (Oto Indians) did not wish to meet the Omahas (Omaha Indians) , which is contrary to Clark's (Clark, William) implication in his note for this day.
  • August 17, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
September 29, 1804 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • proceeded on    passed bluffs on S. S.    Saw Several Indians on Shore 1 or 2 of the brave men as they called themselves, wanted Some tobacco.    the Officers gave them 2 carrits of tobacco but told them that we Should not Stop untill we Got to the RickRee (Arikara Indians) I. Nations.    passed an old village on S. S. where the RickaRees (Arikara Indians) had lived 5 years ago, had raised corn beans [peas and Simblins?]   
  • Side.— Saturday Septemr. 29th    We set off early this morning, having fine clear Weather, and passed by several Bluffs lying on the South side of the River, we saw several Indians on the shore as we passed along, One or two of them, (brave Men as they called themselves,) told the Officers that they wanted some Tobacco, The officers gave them two Carrots of Tobacco, and told them, that we should not stop 'till we got to the Rickoree (Arikara Indians) nation, We proceeded on, and passed an old Indian Village, lying on the South side of the River; where the Rickorees (Arikara Indians) had lived five Years before; and we were inform'd by one of the frenchmen, that was with us, that they had raised Corn, Beans, pease & Simblins at that place, We proceeded on, and encamped in the Evening, on a Sand Beach lying on the South side of the River.— The peas could be Indian potato, or hog peanut, Amphicarpa bracteata (L.)
  • September 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
February 28, 1805 - Ordway, John
  • Roie (Roi (Roie, Rokey), Peter) 2 frenchman came up from the Rickaree (Arikara Indians) s    2 of the R. Ree (Arikara Indians) Indians came with them    they all Informed us that they Saw the Souix (Sioux Indians) Savvages who Robed our men of the 2 horses, & they said their was 106 in nomber and that they had a mind for to kill our men & that they held a counsel over them whether to kill them and take their arms and all or not.   
  • Tabbo (Tabeau, Pierre-Antoine) a frenchman who is among them & Rick a Rees (Arikara Indians) trading, Sent a letter up to the commanding officers & Mandans (Mandan Indians) chiefs to keep a Good lookout for he had heared the Souix (Sioux Indians) Say that they Should Shurely come to war in the Spring against us and Mandanes (Mandan Indians) .   
  • February 28, 1805
  • Journals
  • Ordway, John
August 29, 1804 - Clark, William
  • Durion (Dorion, Pierre, Sr.) the Soues (Sioux Indians) interpeter with about 70 Soues (Sioux Indians) arrived on the opposit Side of the river    we Sent over for them, who came over Mr.
  • Pierre Dorion, Senior (Dorion, Pierre, Sr.) , evidently had several sons by the wife he took among the Yankton (Sioux Indians, Yankton) Sioux (Sioux Indians) . The one met here is generally assumed to be Pierre, Junior (Dorion, Pierre, Jr.) , who later joined the Astorians' overland trek to the Pacific (Pacific Ocean) and was killed by Indians in Idaho in 1811.
  • The custom of carrying a distinguished visitor to camp seated on a buffalo robe supported by several men was evidently widespread among the Sioux (Sioux Indians) . The Blackfeet Sioux (Sioux Indians, Blackfeet) (Sihasapa (Sioux Indians, Blackfeet) ) greeted Father DeSmet thus in 1840.
  • August 29, 1804
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
April 1, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Clark April 1st 1805    we have Thunder lightning hail and rain to day    the first rain of note Sinc the 15 of October last, I had the Boat Perogus & Canos put in the water, and expect to Set off the boat with despatches    in her will go 6 Americans 3 frenchmen, and perhaps Several ricarra (Arikara Indians) Chief imediately after we Shall assend in 2 perogus & 6 canoes, accompanied by 5 french who intends to assend a Short distance to trap the beavr which is in great abundance highr up    our party will consist of one Interpter & Hunter, one French man as an interpreter with his two wives (this man Speaks Minetary (Hidatsa Indians) to his wives who are L hiatars (Shoshone Indians) or Snake (Shoshone Indians) Indians of the nations through which we Shall pass, and to act as interpretress thro him[)]—    26 americans & french my servant (York) and an Mandan (Mandan Indians) Indian and provisions for 4 months— Clark (Clark, William) seems to have no entries for March 31, 1805, in either his Field Notes or Codex C, probably due to his misdating of the last few days in March.
  • In the captains' "Estimate of the Eastern Indians," sent back to Jefferson (Jefferson, Thomas) from Fort Mandan (Fort Mandan (N.
  • This name was applied loosely by Plains tribes and traders to the Utes (Ute Indians) , the Shoshones (Shoshone Indians) , or the Comanches (Comanche Indians) (all "Snakes" in the sign language), depending on the context.
  • April 1, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
January 6, 1806 - Lewis, Meriwether
  • The Clatsops (Clatsop Indians) , Chinnooks (Chinook Indians) , Killamucks (Tillamook Indians) &c. are very loquacious and inquisitive; they possess good memories and have repeated to us the names capasities of the vessels &c of many traders and others who have visited the mouth of this river; they are generally low in stature, proportionably small, reather lighter complected and much more illy formed than the Indians of the Missouri (Missouri River) and those of our frontier; they are generally cheerfull but never gay.   
  • I am informed that this custom prevails even among the Minetares (Hidatsa Indians) Arwerharmays (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) and Recares (Arikara Indians) when attended by their old people on their hunting excurtions; but in justice to these people I must observe that it appeared to me at their villages, that they provided tolerably well for their ages persons, and several of their feasts appear to have principally for their object a contribution for their aged and infirm persons.
  • our merchandize is reduced to a mear handfull, and our comfort during our return the next year much depends on it, it is therefore almost unnecessary to add that we much regret the reduced state of this fund.— The Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) , Awaxawi Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians, Awaxawi) , and the Arikaras (Arikara Indians) .
  • January 6, 1806
  • Journals
  • Lewis, Meriwether
August 11, 1806 - Clark, William
  • near the Kanzas river (Kansas (Decaugh, Kaw) River) on board of which was a Chief of the Ricaras (Arikara Indians) , that he met the Yankton (Sioux Indians, Yankton) Chiefs with Mr.
  • McKenzey (McKenzie, Charles) one of the Clerks who have been for a long time with Menetarias (Hidatsa Indians) . Those dificulties if true will I fear be a bar to our expectations of having the Mandan (Mandan Indians) Minetarra (Hidatsa Indians) & Ricara (Arikara Indians) Chief to acompany us to the U.
  • Tho we Shall endeaver to bring abot a peace between Mandans (Mandan Indians) Mennetaries (Hidatsa Indians) & Ricaras (Arikara Indians) and provail on Some of their Cheifs to accompany us to the U.
  • August 11, 1806
  • Journals
  • Clark, William
October 8, 1805 - Whitehouse, Joseph
  • about 12 oClock we Came to Some Indian Camps, on the South Side.    only 4 or 5 lodges of well looking Indians & Squaws.   
  • some of our party also purchased from those Indians 2 dogs for trifles—    Those Indians had a number of fine horses, which we saw feeding along the Shore.—    The day proved warm.   
  • We halted here for a short time, & purchased some more Salmon and white bread Roots.— These Indians were also belonging to the flatt head (Flathead Indians) Nation.—    We proceeded on and went but a short distance, and took in the Indians that set out this morning by land.   
  • October 8, 1805
  • Journals
  • Whitehouse, Joseph
February 15, 1805 - Clark, William
  • Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) Set out at Sunrise with 24 men, to meet those Soues (Sioux Indians) &c.    Several Indians accompanied him Some with Bows & arrows Some withe Spears & Battle axes, a 〈fiew〉 2 with fusees [NB: fusils]—    the morning fine the Thermometer Stood at 16° below 0, Nought, visited by 2 of the Big Bellies (Hidatsa Indians) this evening,—    one Chief of the Mandans (Mandan Indians) returned from Capt Lewis (Lewis, Meriwether) es Party nearly blind—    this Complaint is as I am infomd.
  • David Thompson (Thompson, David) reports essentially the same cure, the application of hot steam to the eyes, among Indians far to the north of the Mandans (Mandan Indians) on Hudson's Bay (Hudson's Bay) .
  • Maximilian (Maximilian, Alexander Philip) , however, claims that in his time (1833–34) the Mandans (Mandan Indians) and Hidatsas (Hidatsa Indians) treated the affliction with a solution of gunpowder and water.
  • February 15, 1805
  • Journals
  • Clark, William

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